云南家鼠鼠疫疫源地鼠疫高发机制的研究

Yunnan commensal rodent plague focus, which is the birthplace of the third world plague pandemic, has been a serious disaster area of plague epidemic. Plague epidemic is still very active in the focus currently, but the mechanism of plague high-occurrence is not clear. It is extremely unfavorable for the effective control and prevention of plague occurrence and epidemic. To explore the risk factors of plauge high-occurrence and confirm the mechanism of plague high-occurrence in Yunnan commensal rodent plague focus, the current project will take natural village as a study unit and the components of plague ecosystem, human factors, socioeconomic factors, the level of F1 antibody against plague for human polulation and indicative animal, and the metal element content in soil from the natural villages with plague high-occurrence and without plague will be investigated and analyzed comparatively via using the theory and methodology of natural foci theory of disease, population ecology, medical geography, molecular biology, epidemiology and biostatistics. Solving the scientific question of the plague high-occurrence mechanism will have a very important practical and long-term significance to recognize the characteristics of Yunnan commensal rodent plague focus completely, to improve the ability of plague surveillance and forecast greatly, and to control and prevent the occurrence of plague effectively. The research findings and their application will not only have important public health significance, but they also play a very important role in protecting the health of the people and keeping and promoting the socioeconomic development in Yunnan Province.

云南家鼠鼠疫疫源地是第三次世界鼠疫大流行的发源地，一直是鼠疫流行的重灾区，目前鼠疫疫情仍非常活跃，但其鼠疫高发的机制尚不清楚，这对有效预防和控制家鼠鼠疫的发生极为不利。该项目以自然村为研究单位，拟采用疾病自然疫源地学说、种群生态学、医学地理学、分子生物学、流行病学、生物统计学等多学科理论和方法，通过对云南家鼠鼠疫疫源地鼠疫高发自然村与未发生鼠疫自然村的鼠疫生态系统要素、人文因素、社会经济因素、人群和鼠疫指示动物鼠疫F1抗体水平、土壤金属元素含量等进行调查和对比分析，探讨云南家鼠鼠疫疫源地鼠疫高发危险因素，明确鼠疫高发的机制。解决这一科学问题，对深入认识云南家鼠鼠疫自然疫源地的特征，显著提升鼠疫监测与预警能力，有效防控家鼠鼠疫的发生和流行有着十分重要的现实和长远意义。研究成果及其应用不仅具有重要的公共卫生学意义，而且对保障人民群众的健康，维护和促进地区社会经济发展起到非常重要的作用。

近年来，云南野鼠鼠疫疫源地动物间鼠疫一直处于活跃状态，家鼠鼠疫疫源地偶有人间鼠疫发生，探讨家鼠鼠疫疫源地鼠疫高发危险因素和机制，对科学防控鼠疫发生具有重要的指导作用。.选取弥勒市、芒市、梁河县、腾冲市等鼠疫疫源地作为采样地，在鼠疫高发自然村（疫村）与未发生鼠疫自然村（非疫村）采集人和指示动物血清、宿主动物及其寄生虫、地面游离蚤、土壤样本等，同时入户收集潜在影响鼠疫发生的因素。应用血凝法和ELISA方法检测人和动物血清鼠疫F1和弓形虫抗体，采用PCR技术检测动物感染恙虫病东方体、贝氏柯克斯体、米库尔新埃立克体等病原体，用微波消解—ICP-OES法测定土壤金属元素。.捕获宿主动物819只，涉及4目7科19属29种，采集脏器组织样本4012份，收集寄生蚤169只、恙螨9532只、土壤246份、人血清368份、犬血清307份和猫血清12份。在16个自然村320户家庭布放6400个水盘，其中44户家庭收集到地面游离蚤136只，完成自然村问卷16份和家庭问卷320份。弥勒市、芒市和梁河县鼠疫自然疫源地以黄胸鼠和臭鼩鼱为优势鼠种，寄生蚤以印鼠客蚤为优势蚤种，地面游离蚤以猫栉首蚤为优势蚤种。疫村宿主动物物种多样性高于非疫村，但寄生蚤、地面游离蚤物种多样性和丰盛度相似。土壤呈酸性，富含Ca、Fe、Ti元素。非疫村人血清鼠疫F1抗体阳性1份，犬猫血清鼠疫F1抗体为阴性。人血清弓形虫抗体阳性率54.62%（201/368），犬血清弓形虫抗体阳性率90.88%（279/307），猫血清弓形虫抗体阳性率91.67%（11/12）。宿主动物恙虫病东方体、贝氏柯克斯体、斑点热群立克次体、鼠形戊肝、汉坦病毒和米库尔新埃立克体感染率分别为1.77%、0.91%、0.16%、4.89%、2.46%和1.83%。.结果表明，鼠疫高发自然村和未发生鼠疫自然村在环境因素（含土壤特性和金属元素）、宿主动物、寄生蚤、地面游离蚤、人群和指示动物血清鼠疫F1和弓形虫抗体、动物感染病原体等并没有较大差异，鼠疫高发机制或许更复杂，可能还有其它引起鼠疫高发的机制或因素，将来可从鼠疫耶尔森菌的结构特征、保存以及鼠疫噬菌体等方向进行研究。