Exosomes are defined as extracellular vesicles rich in biologically active substances from mother cells, which play an important role in cell–cell communication and transmission, thus becoming a new research hotspot. It has been found that dendritic cells (DC) can secrete a large number of exosomes and participate in immune regulation, but the mechanism is still unclear. PD-L1 is an important negative costimulatory molecule on DC. We found that TGF-β can up-regulate the expression of PD-L1 on DC and its exosomes. Those exosomes can inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes. Therefore, we speculate that DC may suppress rejection by releasing PD-L1-high exosomes. In this study, we will conform that by silence the PD-L1 expression on DC, then extract exosomes and observe its influence on heart graft survival and immunologic and pathological parameters. Furthermore, we will target PD-L1 on exosomes with EGFP, trace the exosomes with DiR by multiple microscopic imaging technique in vitro and vivo to reveal its migration to lymphoid tissue, transplant graft and other organs in vivo. We will also check the exosomes interaction with recipient’s T cells and DC. This study will explore the mechanism of exosomes mediated immunosuppression and help to develop new immunosuppressive drugs by producing functional exosomes.
外泌体富含来源细胞的生物活性物质,在细胞信息传递中发挥重要作用,因而成为新的研究热点。研究发现树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)能分泌大量的外泌体并参与免疫调节,但具体机制仍不清楚。PD-L1是DC表面重要的负向共刺激分子。我们发现,TGF-β刺激DC上调PD-L1表达,同时也上调外泌体PD-L1,并能增强外泌体抑制淋巴细胞增殖的功能。因而,我们推测DC可能通过释放富含PD-L1的外泌体发挥抗排斥作用。为证明该假说,本课题拟观察PD-L1沉默或高表达对外泌体延长心脏移植物存活及系列免疫和病理指标的影响。进而采用多种显微成像技术在体内外示踪DiR标记的外泌体及具有GFP标签的外泌体PD-L1,揭示其向淋巴组织和移植物等迁移和分布规律,以及与受者T细胞和DC的作用过程。该结果有助于拓展人们对外泌体参与抗排斥作用机制的认知,为以功能化外泌体为核心的新型免疫抑制药物开发奠定基础。
全面的免疫抑制成功的解决了急性排斥,然而却带来了诸如感染和肿瘤等副作用。携带供者抗原的调节性树突状细胞(Dendritic cell,DC)有望靶向性的调控供者特异性T细胞。然而,其表面的共抑制性分子在受者体内容易受到炎症因子调控,而失去作用。供者DC来源的外泌体(Dev)表达供者抗原和共刺激分子,在介导移植排斥中发挥重要作用,其能类似树突状细胞将供者抗原提呈给供者特异性反应细胞。研究过程中,我们发现程序性死亡配体-1(Programmeddeathligand-1,PD-L1)作为体内免疫负调控因子,参与了诱导免疫抑制的过程。在此基础上,本项目提出“钓鱼”策略,通过构建PD-L1高表达的供者树突状细胞(DC)外泌体(DevPDL1+),以供者抗原作为诱饵靶向供者特异性T细胞,进而以PD-L1作为鱼钩实施特异性的免疫调节,从而诱导供着特异性免疫耐受。.通过一系列实验,我们构建了DevPDL1+,并证明供者抗原和PD-L1的表达。通过小动物活体成像,明确PD-L1上调有助于Dev靶向移植物,脾脏和淋巴结。同时,这种靶向作用只局限于接受与Dev同基因供体的移植。激光共聚焦结果进一步证明,外泌体能直接将供者抗原第一信号和PD-L1共抑制信号提呈给供者特异性T细胞,而非第三方移植抗原特异性T细胞。同时,也能通过DC,以半直接的进行双信号提呈。在小鼠心脏移植模型中,DevPDL1+治疗后一定程度上抑制了T细胞的免疫反应并减少了心脏移植物的急性损伤,延长了移植物存活期。其机制包括抑制效应T细胞活化,诱导活化T细胞凋亡,调控T细胞向Treg分化等。然而,我们也注意到DevPDL1+并未诱导移植耐受。当短期治疗停止,心脏移植物在一周内停跳,其效果略低于FK506。其原因可能是受外泌体尺寸的限制,无法像DC一样提供足够的信号给予T细胞,尤其是其靶向活化T细胞表达的PD-1,无法根除初始T细胞。因此,进一步的优化和药物组合的研究是十分必要的。总之,本项目为以外泌体为载体,实现供着特异性T细胞靶向干预的新型免疫抑制药物研发提供了新的方向和思路。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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