枸杞害虫生防载体植物的筛选及系统构建

Chinese wolfberry is one of the most importent medicine and nutritional health herb planted in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang provinces, and also is a kind of ecological forest. Chemical insecticide application in the area had caused insect resistance, pesticide residues, environmental pollution, product export restraints, farmer economic income decrease. Low toxicity, biological pest control method was urgently needed. Banker plant system typically consists of a non-crop plant that is deliberately infested with a non-pest herbivore. The non-pest herbivore serves as an alternative host for the natural enemies of the target crop pest. The goal of the banker plant system is to sustain a reproducing population of those natural enemies within a crop to provide control of a particular pest during the cropping season. We choose alfalfa, clover, barley and wheat and other plants to investigate the non-pest herbivore and natural enemies and evaluate the potential banker plant for setting up the banker plant system to bio-control chinese wolfeberry, that is to set up banker plant（alfalfa，clover et al) ---alternative host or pry ---natural enemy of wolfberry system. The system is also an natural enemies open rearing system. The chinese wolfberry banker plant system could preventive protect the chinese wolfberry from the damage of the pests and avoid chemical insectcide. The establishment of the banker plant system also solve a problem of propagation enemies that the traditional biological control methods could not do. This strategy is considered to be easily cared out with other farming practices and could be used by many farmer. This project has important scientific and technological meaning in solving the problem blocking the economical development in the northwest of China.

枸杞是内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃、新疆等地种植的优良药材和营养保健品，也是很好的生态防护林。长期使用化学农药造成了枸杞害虫抗药性、果品农药残留超标、环境污染、产品出口受限、农民经济收入降低。寻找低毒、环保的枸杞害虫生物防治非常重要。载体植物是被引入作物系统中携带天敌或携带非目标害虫及天敌的植物,是开放式天敌饲养系统。选择苜蓿、车轴草、大麦、小麦等植物，调查分析其害虫是否为不危害枸杞的非目标害虫，天敌是否为枸杞害虫的天敌，选出载体植物，建立载体植物-非目标害虫-枸杞天敌系统，防治枸杞目标害虫，即枸杞害虫生防载体植物系统。枸杞害虫生防载体植物系统可对枸杞害虫进行预防性防治，在枸杞害虫危害前就建立有效的天敌种群，同时控制枸杞蚜、枸杞木虱等害虫的危害。该系统既解决枸杞害虫天敌的常规扩繁技术不成熟、成品天敌缺少的问题，也方便与其它农事操作协调。开发该载体植物系统，防治枸杞害虫具有广阔的应用前景。

枸杞是内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃、新疆等地种植的优良药材和营养保健品。也是很好的生态防护林。长期使用化学农药造成了枸杞害虫抗药性、果品农药残留超标、环境污染、产品出口受限、农民经济收入降低。生物防治载体植物是被引入作物系统中携带天敌的开放式天敌饲养系统。通过该项目的实施，获得了褐带蚜小蜂Aphelinus maculatus 和白足蚜小蜂A. albipodas两种寄生枸杞蚜的天敌，均为内蒙古新纪录种。搞清了两种寄生蜂的生活史、寄生、生殖、取食寄主蚜虫等生物学特性。通过测定功能反应，评价了褐带蚜小蜂和白足蚜小蜂对枸杞蚜的控制能力，其最大寄生量分别为23.1和22.7头，瞬间攻击率为0.58和0.70。褐带蚜小蜂一生可致死324.4头蚜虫。其种群净增值率为77.76，平均世代周期为10.9d，内禀增长率为1.97，周限增长率为7.14。褐带蚜小蜂产卵寄生能力随时间降低，前2周平均每天寄生13.5头，第3周平均每天寄生10.5头，之后平均每天寄生5.7头。卵-僵蚜和僵蚜-成虫生命阶段的发育起始温度分别为3.1和7.54℃，有效积温分别为120.21、119.05DD，完成一个生活史需252.60 DD。褐带蚜小蜂卵器刺入一次的寄生成功率为40-50%，被刺蚜虫生长发育期显著缩短，繁殖力显著降低。研发了褐带蚜小蜂的人工大量快速繁育技术方法，采用该方法20d左右，可繁育20～22万头小蜂。内蒙古自治区新纪录种--白足蚜小蜂，能够寄生玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis及枸杞蚜，在两种寄主蚜虫上完成生活史分别需1.2±1.6和及11.9±1.2d。玉米蚜对枸杞没有危害性，故选用玉米蚜作为枸杞蚜的替代寄主，确立了小麦苗---玉米蚜--白足蚜小蜂--枸杞蚜的生防植物载体系统，为枸杞蚜的生物防治创立了新的途径。为枸杞蚜的绿色防控提供科学支撑，推广应用前景广阔。研制了柞蚕蛹作为主要原料的胶囊人工饲料。蚕蛹胶囊词养的蠋蝽可降低50%的饲料成本，对蠋蝽的捕食功能、搜寻效应没有影响，还确定了饲养时最佳雌雄比为3:2。研制了用于活体植物上小型昆虫观察笼，特别适合观察捕食性或寄生性天敌昆虫。