引起煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故的放炮作业行为控制研究

Blasting against the regulation is the most important reason for the accident of gas explosion that causes severe casualties. In order to lessen the harm of gas explosion accident caused by illegal blasting, the behavior safety control method is proposed, which includes the staff unsafe behavior control method and survey method of organization safety culture. The staff unsafe behavior control method is that grasping the foreign research achievements about implementing personal behavior control method through looking for literature and utilizing the accident cases of coal mine and the record of accidents in the companies, the laws and regulations , the relevant provisions of standards, personal experience, staff interviews, occupational risk analysis and other means to establish a visible database of unsafe behavior and design the personal safety behavior observation and control method which is suitable for the coal mine in our country. Finally, the companies are chosen to observe the behaviors of staff and conduct corrective test. The method of organization safety culture survey is that mastering the research results of accident prevention using the same method in foreign nations through consulting the literatures. Simultaneously, a large number of accident cases and related literatures are utilized to determine the key elements of safety culture that is suitable for the situation of coal mine in China and coal mine safety culture questionnaire are designed to investigate the safety culture in the chosen company so as to provide the corrective measures and suggestions. A set of effective evaluation system of behavior safety control method is established by research. The effect of this method is evaluated by applying it to the coal mine field test.

违章放炮作业是瓦斯爆炸事故中最重要的原因类别。为了减少违章放炮作业引起的瓦斯爆炸事故的危害，设计出行为安全控制方法，即员工不安全行为控制方法和组织安全文化调查方法两部分。员工不安全行为控制方法主要是通过文献掌握国外实施个人行为控制方法研究成果，同时利用煤矿事故案例和公司事故记录、法律法规标准相关规定、个人经验、员工访谈、工作风险分析等手段，形成可供观察的不安全行为数据库，设计一套适合我国煤矿的个人不安全行为观察和控制方法，最后选择试验单位进行行为观察和纠正试验；组织安全文化调查方法主要是通过文献掌握国外利用安全文化调查方法预防事故的研究成果，同时结合大量的事故案例和相关文献，确定适合我国煤矿现状的安全文化关键元素，得到煤矿安全文化调查问卷，最后对试验单位进行安全文化调查。研究得到一套有效的“行为安全控制方法”的效果评估系统，并通过应用于煤矿现场试验，对此行为安全方法进行效果评估。

目前国内对于预防瓦斯爆炸事故发生的研究，主要是控制物的不安全状态，对于控制人的不安全行为的研究比较少。项目选择了近十年的煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故作为事故样本，共统计了54起瓦斯爆炸事故案例，得到了与导致瓦斯爆炸事故相关的4种主要类型的工种，即通风类、瓦检防火类、爆破类和电工类。与放炮作业过程相关的不安全行为主要是瓦检防火类和爆破类。爆破类的不安全行为共有13种，其中“封孔未用水炮泥”、“非专职爆破工放炮”、“装药及放炮前不知爆破地点瓦斯浓度”和“一次装药分次放炮”，此四种是主要的不安全行为。瓦检防火类的不安全行为共有12种，其中主要的不安全行为是“放炮作业前未检测爆破地点瓦斯浓度”、“未按要求检查得到特定地点瓦斯浓度”和“检测得瓦斯超限未及时采取应对措施”三种行为。利用STOP行为安全观察法，并将TOFS的自我检查的思想融入该方法中，设计了一套经过改进后的STOP观察卡，同时也研究出通过微信公众号进行安全教育的方法，来控制或减少员工的不安全行为。通过相关文献研究，确定了适合我国煤矿现状的安全文化调查关键元素，得到一套煤矿安全文化调查问卷，并对试验煤矿进行了安全文化调查，根据回收的问卷统计数据，分析得出该煤矿安全文化系统的影响因素，最后提出了具体的煤矿安全文化建设方面的建议。