骨骼超声振动钻削机理研究

Problems of position inaccurate and high temperature in bone drilling lead operation trauma surface increased and unstable operation quality. New method of skeletal minimally invasive ultrasonic vibration drilling is presented based on rigidization of tool and sharpness of cutters. The study focuses on the process and cutting mechanism of ultrasonic vibration drilling of skeleton comparing with common drilling. Mechanism of drilling precision improved in ultrasonic vibration drilling is analysized beginning with the drill bit drilling deviation process according to reciprocating movement characteristic and variable cutting angle of ultrasonic vibration drilling. Cooling mechanism in ultrasonic vibration drilling is revealed according to the process of drilling heat generation and transfer. Experiments study will be carried out on the drilling precision of different curvatures bone and the drilling temperature of different hardness bone. The medical quality will be improved with the trauma surface reduced and the bone drilling operation level improved.

骨骼钻削存在钻削位置不精确、钻削温度高等问题，导致手术创伤面增大、手术质量不稳定。在超声振动钻削刀具刚性化、刀刃锋利化机理的基础上，提出骨骼微创超声振动钻削新方法。重点研究骨骼超声振动钻削过程和切削机理，并与骨骼普通钻削的钻削过程和钻削机理进行对比；从普通钻削钻头入钻偏斜过程入手，结合超声振动钻削往复运动过程特点和变角度切削机理，分析超声振动钻削提高入钻精度的机理；结合骨骼钻削热的产生和传递过程以及超声振动钻削的特点揭示骨骼超声振动钻削降温机理。在已有实验平台上，对不同曲率表面的骨骼钻削入钻精度规律、对不同硬度骨骼的钻削温度进行研究；从切削原理上提高骨骼钻削技术水平，减少手术创伤面，提高医疗质量。

在骨骼普通钻削机理的基础上，对骨骼超声振动钻削机理进行了探讨，分析骨骼超声振动钻削“三步”入钻法，提出了骨骼超声振动钻削入钻时“进---退---进---退”的入钻过程模型，得出骨骼超声振动钻削入钻位置精度提高的机理；在骨骼超声振动钻削“进---退---进---退”的钻削过程模型的基础上，分析出钻头切削刃工作区域“闭合---打开---闭合---打开”的过程，从而得出切削温度随振动钻削过程“升高---降低---升高---降低”的骨骼超声振动钻削温度模型。在骨骼超声振动钻削机理的指导下，对骨骼超声振动钻削的效果（包括钻削力与钻削温度）从工艺参数方面进行了建模与分析，找出了钻削速度、钻削进给量、振动振幅、振动频率对钻削工艺效果的影响关系及影响规律，并确定了取得较好工艺效果对应的钻削工艺参数。本项目的研究为骨骼钻削微创医疗的发展与应用提供了理论基础和方法支持。