社会权力影响归因偏差的认知与神经机制研究

In interpersonal communication, we often need to make attributions about social events, and the attribution biases happen sometimes. Even though social power is a basic force in social relations, we know little about how it influences on attribution biases..The attribution process includes two steps: automatic process and controlled process. If the attribution stops at the first stage, the significance of perception and the convenience of information will work. People with high social power are more confident and less alert, therefore, they are more prone to automatic process. But the cognitive and emotional-motivation factors may moderate the relationship between social power and the attribution process: under the condition of high cognitive load, people with low social power also stop the attribution activity at the step of automatic process, while people with high social power may continue their attribution activity to the step of controlled process when they feel wrong and feel the attribution important..Based on the review of previous literature, the applicant of this project proposed that social power is an important factor influencing attribution biases and the relationship between them is also moderated by cognitive and affective factors. Twenty experiments were designed to test these hypotheses. Among these studies, four studies were designed to explore the neural mechanism of how social power influences attribution biases. So far, some studies have started and and the results are the same as expected.

人际交往中经常需要对社会事件进行归因，且常会出现各种偏差。作为社会关系的基本力量，社会权力与归因偏差的关系，我们知之甚少。.本项目从双加工模型出发，研究社会权力对归因偏差的影响。归因过程包括自动化启发式加工和控制化分析式加工两个阶段。高社会权力者更加自信，警惕性降低，因而其社会认知更可能止步于自动化加工，但认知和情感动机因素会起到调节作用：低社会权力者在高认知负荷时也会止步于自动化加工，高社会权力者在感觉不妥且责任重大时也会进行控制化加工。.项目根据2（自己/他人）×2（个体/团体成员）两个维度对四种社会情境进行了划分，并在此基础上对归因进行了分类，研究社会权力对有代表性的归因偏差的影响和神经机制，以及认知负荷和动机因素的调节效应。到目前为止，已完成部分实验并取得初步结果。

摘要..社会权力是社会关系中的基本力量，归因是理解和预测社会环境的认知基础。本项目旨在研究社会权力影响归因的因果机制、认知与神经机制，并取得如下成果：.1. 改进了权力启动方法，被试间启动效应更强，创新了被试内启动研究范式。.2. 研究了社会权力影响基本归因偏差的因果机制和调节机制。通过4个问卷或实验研究，稳健地表明了社会权力会促进内归因倾向，但情景的模糊性是调节变量，只有在高模糊情境下，高低权力个体间才会有内外归因的显著差异。.3. 在有互动和无互动两种情况下，研究社会权力对责任归因的影响。结果发现，在无互动的情况下，当结果为成功时，不同权力感水平的个体责任归因没有差异；当结果为失败时，高权力个体会比低权力个体承担更少的责任。在有互动的情况下，无论团体结果的好坏，高权力个体会比低权力个体承担更多的责任。.4. 研究了社会权力对敌意归因的影响；通过4个问卷或实验研究，一致发现，与高权力者相比，低权力者有更强的敌意归因偏向。 .5. 采用功能近红外成像技术，探索博弈游戏中高、低权力者在成功与失败情景下对于自己和他人的归因倾向及其大脑加工过程中的神经活动。结果表明，对于自己的失败,低权力者比高权力者更倾向于作内归因,而在成功情景下,两者都倾向于作内归因｡当自己成功的时候,高权力者比低权力者更显著地激活了中央前回､中央后回､顶下缘角回和顶上回区域｡与自己相比，在成功情景下，高、低权力者对别人的成功都倾向于作外归因，低权力者在对陌生人完成任务成功时进行归因,比高权力者更显著地激活了额中回､中央前回和中央后回区域｡在失败情景下，高权力者对别人的失败更倾向于作内归因，高权力者在对分配者完成任务失败时进行归因,比低权力者更显著地激活了背外侧额上回｡而低权力者在失败情景下对别人的归因无显著差异。.6. 此外，项目组还研究了社会权力影响禀赋效应、认知失调、冒险行为等的心理机制。.相关研究结果在人员选拔、组织行为学、管理学等领域有广泛的应用价值。