With the sustainable improvement of the Loess Plateau, the sediment in the Yellow River decreased significantly, and the sediment reduction effect of soil and water conservation measures on the Loess Plateau had been widely concerned, while researching the effect of "off-site" sediment reduction of soil and water conservation measures was still insufficient. Based on field rainfall experiment, water and sediment test in the watershed and high precision terrain measurement technology such experiment means, statistical analysis, water and sediment process on slope and the hydrodynamic model under soil and water conservation measures will be built in this paper to analyze the regulation of multi-measures on the erosion energy of runoff, and to expound the dispersion-reduction mechanism of soil and water conservation measures on the energy of runoff erosion, so as to clarify the "off-site" sediment reduction effect of soil and water conservation measures, built the calculate method of "off-site" sediment reduction of multi-measures, and identify their contribution rate of "off-site" sediment reduction quantitatively. The results of this research could provide theoretical support for sediment reduction attribution analysis of the Yellow River and the optimizing ecological construction distribution for the Loess Plateau.
黄河输沙量锐减,水土保持措施减沙效应受到国内外学者广泛关注,但对水土保持措施的异地减沙效应研究还不足。本研究拟采取野外降雨试验、流域水沙测验以及高精度地形测量等实验手段,通过统计分析、坡面水沙过程分析以及水动力学模拟等方法,分析多措施作用下流域侵蚀-输沙变化,揭示水土保持措施对径流侵蚀能量的分散-消减机制,阐明水土保持措施的异地减沙机理,构建多措施异地减沙量计算方法,明确黄河中游区水土保持措施异地减沙贡献率。研究结果以期为黄河泥沙减少归因分析与黄土高原生态建设布局优化提供理论支撑。
2000年以来,黄河水沙锐减,深入认识水土保持措施的减沙作用对于黄河中游治理具有重要意义。本研究以黄河中游为研究区域,采取野外模拟试验、流域水沙测验以及高精度地形测量等实验手段,通过统计分析、坡面水沙过程分析以及水动力学模拟等方法,揭示了水土保持措施的异地减沙机理,并计算了黄河中游地区植被、梯田以及淤地坝等主要水土保持措施的减沙贡献率。主要研究结论如下:(1)流域修建梯田前后平均最长水流长度从6200m下降到3759m,在沿沟道方向,大型骨干坝之间的距离介于0.72-3.79km之间。梯田和淤地坝对径流路径的截断,使流域产汇流过程发生改变,从而产生异地减沙效果。(2)在小流域尺度上,流域泥沙输移比显著降低,径流过程坦化。在中游主要河流,流域输沙量和含沙量呈显著降低(p<0.01),且各个流域之间输沙模数的空间异质性降低。(3)在韭园沟流域,植被对输沙变化的贡献率为42%,梯田和淤地坝等工程措施对输沙变化的贡献率为32%,植被-工程措施协同作用对输沙变化的贡献率为26%。(4)通过放水试验发现,无植被下,修建梯田可以消减梁坡径流流域54%,消减下部沟坡径流流速约为15%,在叠加了植被影响后,梯田和植被共同消减下部沟坡径流流速约为23%。使用有效水流功率指标量化植被和梯田的异地侵蚀效应发现,梯田有20%的异地消减泥沙的作用,植被异地减沙效率约为12%。(5)根据水动力学模拟结果,修建淤地坝后,全流域平均流速减小7%,淤地坝对径流的调节作用而造成的侵蚀减少比例约为10%。(6)植被恢复是河龙区间输沙量减沙的主要原因,减沙贡献率为54%。梯田和淤地坝的减沙贡献率合计为34%。在渭河流域,梯田是流域输沙量减少的主要原因。本研究为黄河泥沙减少归因分析与黄土高原生态建设布局优化提供科学依据。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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