资金和性能约束的银川城市“海绵体”空间布局优化研究

Optimal spatial layout of sponge-like city facilities under capital and performance constraints is an urgent problem of the sponge city construction in Yinchuan, China. In this study, after a spatial database was constructed, overall control objectives of various sponge-like city facilities were determined and decomposed into the smaller ones for each block using a designed algorithm. To obtain an overall spatial layout of the sponge-like city facilities, the optimal types were selected from the sponge-like city facilities based on a developed algorithm, and the most appropriate locations were determined to arrange the sponge-like city facilities on each block with a topographic index model. Furthermore, to achieve a detailed spatial layout of the sponge-like city facilities, the size, shape, number and construction sequence of each sponge-like city facility on each block were optimized, respectively. A multi-objective model of the detailed spatial layout of sponge-like city facilities was built. To solve the model and determine the exact locations of the sponge-like city facilities, a satisfaction-based differential evolution algorithm was developed. Then optimal spatial layout schemes of the sponge-like city facilities in Yinchuan under capital and performance constraints were obtained. In the end, the schemes were simulated, evaluated and visually analyzed to obtain an economic and practical layout scheme. The study is one of the current national great strategic demands in China with a multidisciplinary characteristic. It enriches not only the theory and methodology of the sponge city, but also has important economic, social and ecological benefits. The optimal spatial layout scheme is cost-effective because it can save 51.2×108 to 57.6×108 RMB of the construction cost and provide useful theoretical guidance and practical reference for the sponge city construction in Yinchuan City.

资金和性能约束的城市“海绵体”空间布局优化是银川海绵城市建设亟待解决的首要问题。本课题将：（1）构建空间数据库，确定总体控制目标，并设计算法将目标分解到各个地块；（2）在“海绵体”总体布局中设计算法以确定各地块最优的“海绵体”类型，构建地形指数模型以优化各地块“海绵体”的最适宜位置；（3）在“海绵体”详细空间布局中分别优化了各地块“海绵体”的规模、形状、数量和建设时序，构建了“海绵体”详细空间布局模型，利用基于满意度的差异演化算法求解模型以确定“海绵体”的精确位置，通过模拟、评价和可视化分析，获得了经济可行的、实用可操作的银川城市“海绵体”空间布局最优方案。本课题为当前国家重大战略需求，也是多学科交叉的研究领域，既丰富了海绵城市的理论方法体系，又具有重要的经济、社会和生态效益，可节约建设成本51.2亿元至57.6亿元，为银川海绵城市建设提供有益的理论指导和实践参考依据。

资金和性能约束的城市“海绵体”空间布局优化是银川海绵城市建设亟待解决的首要问题。为了处理海量空间数据，设计了Hadoop 云空间数据库，实现了多尺度、多源和海量空间数据的实时并行访问，高性能计算、通讯、存储、高效检索和时序安排等。利用暴雨强度模型、冲刷指数模型、分窗算法等模拟了不同重现期短历时强降雨、暴雨强度、排水网络、地表温度、低影响开发设施、主要污染物的冲刷过程和汇流过程。海绵城市土地利用类型和低影响开发设施（LID）对暴雨过程有显著影响，LID设施能增加降雨量、洪峰延迟时间、低温区面积、年降雨控制率和径流污染消减率。利用GIS技术计算了银川市的可用雨水资源，获得了LID设施的规模；根据潜在设施性能计算了不同土地利用类型的可收集的雨水资源，以确定低影响开发设施类型；利用p中值模型和蚁群优化算法获得了LID设施的最优空间位置；识别了严重污染的地区，并对LID设施进行调整。LID设施规模、类型和位置的确定能有效指导低影响开发设施的建设。选择恰当的低影响开发设施，利用GIS技术设计了城市雨洪治理和综合分析模型，利用NSGA-II算法求解模型，获得了最优空间布局方案和最低的建设费用。研究结果对减少城市洪灾风险、建设城市生态安全模式和LID设施最优空间配置都有重要的意义。基于GIS和RS技术构建了SWMM模型，利用管网和地表水的动态交互策略设计了雨水累积扩散算法，将每个子汇水区的雨水累积量转换为淹没范围和雨水累积深度，模拟了排水管网和地表水的位置、范围、深度和体积。研究结果为雨洪灾害预测、排水管网设计和海绵城市建设提供决策。设计了目标分解算法以分解总雨水径流、洪峰、污染消减率和雨水资源利用率等控制目标，设计了类型选择算法以优化LID设施类型，利用地形指数模型识别了LID设施最适宜的建设位置，构建了包括平均径流和污染消减率最大化和建设费用最小化的多目标模型，利用差异进化算法对模型进行求解，获得了不同投资期综合效益最大化的LID空间优化配置方案。