基于规划干预的山地城镇道路交通环境控制研究

The boom of the native vehicles number caused noise and exhaust fumes pollution and this is a problem that has to be solved when the new-type urbanization planning is put into practice, and it is the issue that arouses wide concern of the government, experts and public. Because of the high car use rate and winding, steep and narrow streets, mountainous towns’ noise and exhaust fumes pollution is more serious than other towns’. For this reason, the protection of traffic environment is extremely urgent. Aiming for controlling exhaust fumes and protecting acoustic environment, building a road traffic system of mountainous towns that fits nature environment and traffic environment control is benefit to sustainable development of the city. Researching on mountainous towns’ transportation environment characterization revealed the internal relation of vehicles noise, air pollution with road networks, road alignment, road cross sectional structures and the laws of these, and covered the shortage of domestic related studies; aiming for reducing the rate of car use and the pollution of traffic environment, researching on the planning policies of mountainous towns’ road traffic environment control put forward strategies and measures of traffic pattern selection, traffic development policies and etc.; aiming for reducing exhaust fumes pollution and traffic noise, researching on planning intervention techniques of mountainous towns transportation environment control put forward adaptive planning methods of large transport hubs location, road networks’ layouts, trunk road alignment, road cross sectional planning and so on.

机动车快速增长所带来的尾气与噪声污染，是新型城镇化规划实施中必须解决的难题，也是政府、专家、群众广泛关注的问题。山地城镇机动车出行比例高，街道狭窄、弯多、坡陡，尾气与噪声污染较其他城市更为严重，交通环境保护迫在眉睫。从机动车尾气控制与声环境保护目标出发，建立适应自然环境特点与交通环境控制的山地城镇道路交通系统，有利于城市的可持续发展。研究山地城镇道路交通的环境特征，揭示机动车噪声、尾气污染与大型交通枢纽、道路网络、道路线形、道路横断面构成的内在关系与规律，弥补相关理论的不足；针对减少机动车出行、缓解交通环境污染的目标，研究山地城镇道路交通环境控制的规划干预政策，从交通模式选择、交通发展政策等方面，提出对策与措施；针对降低机动车尾气污染与交通噪声的目标，研究山地城镇道路交通环境控制的规划干预技术，从大型交通枢纽选址及道路网络布局、干线道路线形及道路横断面规划等方面，提出适应性规划方法。

选择国内典型山地城市，进行土地利用、建筑布置、道路形态与交通运行的调查，以及空气环境质量、重点道路沿线噪声的检测。开展山地城市机动车噪声时空特征研究，噪声分布与车流量的时空特征高度相关；山地城市街道狭窄、不利于噪声扩散；山地城市的有坡道路，上下坡的噪声均大于平坡路段；山地城市的弯道路段，噪声扩散影响范围更大、防护更难；山地城市道路处在不同标高，噪声的三维分布特征，与平原城市有较大差异，其防护方法要因地制宜。开展山地城市机动车尾气时空特征研究，冬季气温低、静风频率高，尤其是夜间及凌晨，空气环境质量较差；在城市中心区、副中心等建筑、人口、车辆密集地区，空气环境质量较差；目前城市空气环境质量监测点数量偏少，建议加强城市中心区、旧城区的监测。开展城市机动车尾气排放与大气环境质量关系研究，提出山地城市空气环境质量的影响程度，依次为气温、风速等气候条件，地形起伏度、海拔等地形地貌条件，道路车流量、车速等交通条件；近年各地优化冬季取暖热源、限制冬季工地施工、机动车限行等措施，一定程度上改善了城市空气环境质量。构建山地城市道路交通污染防控的规划评价体系，包括总目标、一级准则层、二级准则层、指标层四个结构层次；一级准则层为出行距离及时间、交通流量、机动车行驶状态、污染物分解扩散速度等。建立城市空间结构、土地利用、道路交通规划及建设、城市管理及政策四位一体的山地城市道路污染控制体系。