北方春玉米对光、温资源的响应机制及优化匹配

The north spring maize region is the largest maize production region in China. Maize planting area and total yield in this region account for 45% of the total planting area and 45.2% of the total yield in China. This region has a large span. The uneven distribution of light-temperature resources exist in this region. The problems of across planting and mismatch of maize growing with solar-temperature resources exist. Based on multi-point maize experiments conducted at 35 experimental stations in 8 provinces in the recent 8 years, we will further conduct field experiments of different cultivars and densities at Yinchuan, Xinzhou and Shenyang where the temperature resources are the same while the solar resources are significantly different to study the response mechanism of maize growing and development to solar resources. We will also conduct field experiments of different cultivars and planting dates at Jiamusi, Gongzhuling and Shenyang where the solar resources are similar while the temperature resources are significantly different to study the response mechanism of maize growing and development to temperature resources. Based on the above analysis we will verify and improve the Hybrid-Maize model and make it appropriate for the north spring maize region. Combining with the meteorological data in the recent 20 years at 195 national meteorological stations in this region, we will use the model to simulate maize yield potentials under different combinations of cultivars (different thermal requirements), planting dates and densities. We will determine the optimum thermal requirements of cultivars, planting dates and densities according to the highest yield potentials and make distribution maps. These distribution maps will be used and validated through filed experiments in this region. Finally, optimum matching of maize growing and solar-temperature resources will be achieved in the north spring maize region.

北方春玉米区是我国最大的玉米产区，占我国玉米面积和总产的45%和45.2%，该区跨度大，光温资源分布不均匀，玉米生长与当地光温资源匹配度不高的问题突出，存在品种跨区种植等现象。本研究拟以课题组连续8年在北方春玉米区8省35个试验点的玉米联网试验为基础，进一步在北方春玉米区选择温度资源相同、光辐射资源差异显著的银川、忻州与沈阳为典型试验点，通过安排不同类型品种与密度试验，研究玉米对光辐射的响应机制，同时选择辐射资源相似、温度资源差异显著的佳木斯、公主岭与沈阳为典型试验点，通过安排不同熟期品种与播期试验，研究玉米对温度的响应机制；基于此对Hybrid-Maize模型进行改进，使其本地化，结合北方春玉米区195个气象站点近20年气象数据，应用模型确定最高产量潜力下的最佳品种熟期、播期与密度组合，并制作区域分布图，在该区域进行大田验证与应用，最终实现北方春玉米生长发育与当地光温资源的优化匹配。

通过三年的研究，明确了跨经、纬度条件下玉米对光、温的响应机制，完成了Hybrid-Maize模型在北方春玉米区的校验，明确合理匹配玉米生长与光、温资源的栽培途径。从东到西，通过在经度不同的吉林公主岭、宁夏银川与新疆奇台安排试验，明确了玉米对光资源的响应原理，从东到西随着光辐射的增加，玉米光合能力提高，通过增加玉米密度可以更好的响应光辐射资源；通过不同纬度不同熟期玉米品种试验研究，明确了玉米对于温度资源的响应原理，在北纬45度以南的区域，郑单958对温度资源的利用率小于当地品种，在以北的区域则大于当地品种，在北纬42度以南区域，郑单958产量大于当地品种，在以北区域，郑单958产量与当地品种产量没有差异，甚至低于当地品种，说明在高纬度地区，温度资源匮乏，当地短生育期的品种可以更好的匹配温度资源；通过在北方春玉米区选择典型的生态点遵化与临河，利用Hybrid-Maize模型模拟分析，两个典型站点通过更换品种、调整播期与增加种植密度，产量潜力分别比当地传统栽培管理模式提高35.8%与118%，可以更好的匹配当地的光、温资源，提高光、温资源利用率。