太行山猕猴0~2岁个体的社会网络研究

Taihangshan macaque (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis), an endemic subspecies within rhesus macaque to China, currently occurred southern parts of Mt. Taihangshan area, where is regarded the northernmost distribution sites of Macaca mulatta worldwide. Rhesus macaques were well adapted y to the conditions that they dwelled, and the social structure and its variation of this species had long been focused by researchers. Social interactions and experience among infants and juveniles during early life history inevitably and deeply impact survival, competition, social ranks, etc. in their later life of given individuals. Based on conducted works regarding Taihangshan macaques of our research group, by taking those individuals with 0~2 years of age as subjects in a target troop, and using methods of field observation, laboratory testing and analysis, we intended to investigate treats of interactions and the variation between young macaques and mother, adult females other than mother, adult males, and siblings and peers, respectively. We aimed to understand the formation, development, and influential factors of social network of rhesus macaque during its early life history. We expected that this research will helpful to answer those questions related to natural selection and adaption of the evolution of primates social structure, to enrich theory of relationship between social forms and environment of primates, and to set base for comparison on origin, adaptation and variations among primate species. We hope our works will contribute to and promote the researches on social ecology in China.

太行山猕猴属中国的猕猴特有亚种-华北亚种（Macaca mulatta tcheliensis），目前仅分布于太行山南端地区---世界野生猕猴分布的北限。猕猴对栖息环境适应能力强，其社会结构及其变化是学者们关注重点。生活史早期的社会相互作用对猕猴后续的生存、竞争能力、社群等级等有深远影响。本项目拟在以往研究基础上，以太行山猕猴的0~2周岁婴幼年个体为对象，采用野外观测、实验室检测、分析等宏观和微观结合的方法，通过对这些个体与母亲、非母亲成年雌性、成年雄性、同胞与同龄个体相互作用特征及其随年龄增长变化的研究，分析猕猴生活史早期社会网络萌芽、发育和形成特点，揭示影响猕猴婴幼年个体社会网络的主要因素，回答灵长类社会形态进化中有关自然选择与适应的理论问题，丰富和完善灵长类社会形态与环境关系的理论体系；为今后进一步开展灵长类社会形态起源、适应与变异的比较研究奠定基础，并推动中国灵长类社会生态学研究。

太行山猕猴（Macaca mulatta tcheliensis）是华北地区现生的唯一一种非人灵长类动物，其野生种群主要分布于河南与山西两省交界的太行山南端地区。太行山猕猴具有以母系单元为基础的多雄多雌制社会结构。本项目的主要研究内容与结果包括：1）婴幼太行山猕猴行为发育。0~2岁婴幼太行山猕猴共表现出15种行为：休息、吮乳、环顾、试离、声音求助、自主取食、自我玩耍、社会玩耍、移动、跟随、自我理毛、社会理毛、屈服、爬跨和攻击。2）太行山猕猴母婴关系。太行山猕猴的母-婴行为计有9种类型：哺乳行为、搂抱行为、携带行为（腹部携带、背部携带）、检查行为、理毛行为、限制行为、拒乳行为、离开行为。3）太行山猕猴阿姨行为。母系单元外个体的阿姨行为频次显著高于单元内个体（P<0.05）；未产雌性个体的阿姨行为频次显著高于经产雌性（P<0.01）。4）太行山猕猴雄-婴关系。成年雄性与婴幼个体之间的关系相对融洽，未发现成年雄性个体虐婴、杀婴行为。在WLK-1A群中，有6只成年雄性对婴幼个体发起理毛、搂抱及保护行为。5）基于营养几何模型的太行山猕猴营养生态研究。太行山猕猴采用等距离规则调控常量营养物质的摄取。6）太行山猕猴食土行为研究。食土行为则属于低频行为；食土行为与降水量和环境温度呈正相关关系，食土行为高峰期出现于婴猴出生高峰期之后；太行山猕猴偏向选择红黏土和褐土性土壤；我们提出猕猴食土行为的“补酸假说”。其他研究内容列于报告正文中。