"非常规"认知下的太阳长期活动的再认识

Some new progresses taken recently on the long-term solar activity are strangely different from people's normal knowledge. For example, the magnetic flux of solar small-scale magnetic elements outside active regions is found to dominate the Sun's magnetic flux for about 8 years in the 12 year duration of cycle 23. Solar differential rotation measured by sunspots does not really reflect rotation of solar atmosphere, because the magnetic field of sunspots is now explained to play a role of restraining the solar differential rotation. The differential rotation at solar surface, namely the so-called torsional oscillation has a cyclic pattern of change that is tightly correlated with the sunspot or magnetic activity cycle. The surface torsional pattern, and perhaps the magnetic activity as well, are only the shadows of a more potent phenomenon occurring within the convection zone. The variation of total solar irradiance (TSI) on the scale of solar cycle is now inferred to be caused by the network magnetic elements in quiet regions. The value of TSI is now accurately measured to be 1360.8±0.5 W/m2, surprisingly 5 W/m2 lower than the traditional value of TSI. The thin layer of the solar interior near the surface, the so-called leptocline (0.97-1 R⊙) is found to be still divided into layers, and different layers have different behaviors of solar cycle. The above new "strange" knowledge may compel us to further investigate characteristics and regularity of long-term solar activity. Thus, we propose to take renewal investigations of long-term evolution of solar activity in the background of its new "strange" knowledge. We will investigate characteristics and origin of the solar cycles of solar small-scale magnetic elements, and their effect on other solar activity phenomena. We will further analyze characteristics and origin of TSI with its new measurements used. Relation of magnetic field and movement field of the Sun is also an issue we want to address. Variation of the diameter of solar disk will be studied on the scale of solar cycle. Cycle 24 is a special solar cycle for its long minimum interval with much low amplitude. Cycle-related solar activity in this cycle is proposed to be analyzed.

活动周尺度上的太阳长期活动的研究取得了一些改变以往对太阳长期活动认知的"非常规"进展。"非常规"认知反过来又敦促我们对已知的太阳长期活动的特征与规律必须进行再认识。因此，本项目开展如下研究：1）探究不同小尺度磁场的活动周的特征细节、太阳内部起源、与其他太阳活动现象的活动周的关联等。2）在对太阳总光度（TSI）的活动周变化取得的新的"非常规"认知背景下, 探究TSI的新认知对日地关系带来的影响,进一步认识TSI的起源以及与其他太阳活动现象的关系。3）在对太阳表面较差自转的新认识下，对以往太阳（较差）自转的观测与分析结果进行再考察，从新认识自转的特征与规律等。4）结合日震观测结果，用现代数学分析方法对太阳半径变化的时间序列进行分析。5）探究24周太阳活动的活动周特征及其对当前长期太阳活动规律认识的影响。

活动周尺度上的太阳长期活动的研究取得了一些改变以往对太阳长期活动认知的“非常规”进展。“非常规”认知反过来又敦促我们对已知的太阳长期活动的特征与规律必须进行再认识。本项目探究不同小尺度磁场的活动周的特征细节、太阳内部起源、与其他太阳活动现象的活动周的关联等；在对太阳总光度（TSI）的活动周变化取得的新的“非常规”认知背景下, 探究TSI的新认知对日地关系带来的影响,进一步认识TSI的起源以及与其他太阳活动现象的关系；在对太阳表面较差自转的新认识下，对以往太阳（较差）自转的观测与分析结果进行再考察，从新认识自转的特征与规律等；结合日震观测结果，用现代数学分析方法对太阳半径变化的时间序列进行分析; 探究24周太阳活动的活动周特征及其对当前长期太阳活动规律认识的影响。.项目研究发现太阳较差自转在中纬度发生反转；提出强磁场抑制自转较差，弱磁场只是反映较差自转，依据磁结构的漂移特征和磁场演化特征对当前不同示踪物测量结果为什么不同给出了解释；发现太阳赤道自转自12周以来呈现转慢的趋势；南半球转得比北半球快（至少最近几个活动周内如此）；较差自转曲线在赤道附近出现凹陷；太阳磁场的弱磁元成分的自旋转周期在过去的40年里基本没有变化。依据不同磁活动的自转特征，提出引起TSI 太阳周变化的原因并不是经典认为的是由黑子与光斑活动引起的，而是由弱磁活动引起的。太阳半径存在太阳周(和黑子活动周反相)和自转周尺度上（和黑子活动反相关）的变化，太阳半径11年周期的可能的物理原因是在太阳对流区的底部的压缩通量管的磁压力的周期变化，强磁活动的能量释放，引起太阳收缩。给出了太阳风速划分的判据及不同风速的太阳周特征；预报25周和当前24周活动强度相当，并不会出现类Maunder极小；研究了黑子数（新版本）和面积数的非线性关系；半球黑子单元面积数在24太阳活动周极小时期在南半球有一个急剧的下降。本项目也研究了长期太阳活动对气候（雨量，ENSO等）的影响，给出了显著的证据，发现了几种相互作用方式。