输电线路玻璃绝缘子持久性防冰表面材料的制备与性能研究

To prolong the service life of anti-icing surface materials of transmission line insulators, micro-nano rough film with persistent anti-icing property was prepared on the surface of glass insulators by using magnetron sputtering with bionic "lotus effect". The anti-icing properties, electrial properties and basic physical-chemical properties of the materials were studied.The adhension of film-substrate and film thickness were measured with nano indentation. Meanwhile, the properties of the materials were compared with those of RTV coating. On one hand, particles were partially sputtering into the insulator, formed an amorphous mesh structure with particles sputtering on the substrate and surface. The covalent bond energy can be substantially higher than the hydrogen bond or Van der Waals' force between the general coating and the insulator. Consequently,the aging and the detachment of the material from the insulator can be postponed.The mechanism of the presistence of ani-icing property was discussed. On the other hand, comparing with organic coating, the inorganic oxides prepared presented better resistance against ultraviolet radiation, ambient temperature and electric arc burning, thereby, the anti-icing presistence of the materials were improved. For our country, it is vital to raise the capability of independent innovation and manufacturing level, meanwhile it also has important academic value and practical significance for the electrical industry anti-icing research.

本项目以延长输电线路绝缘子防冰表面材料使用寿命为目的，使用磁控溅射技术，仿生"荷叶效应"在玻璃绝缘子表面制备一层持久性防冰表面材料，并研究其防冰性能与各项基本理化和电气性能，使用纳米压痕仪测试其膜基界面结合强度与膜厚，并与RTV涂料进行对比研究，初步探讨材料防冰性能持久性机理。一方面由于磁控溅射的粒子部分进入绝缘子内部，与基体和溅射在表面的粒子形成一种网状结构，其原子间共价键键能高于一般涂料与绝缘子表面间的氢键和范德华力，能有效延缓防冰表面材料的老化脱落；另一方面溅射得到的无机氧化物表面材料相较于有机涂料具有更好的耐受紫外辐射、环境温度和电弧烧伤的性能，从而也使其防冰持久性得到提高。本项目的研究对输电线路绝缘的防冰研究具有学术价值和实际意义，是绝缘子防冰技术的一种有益探索和尝试。

输电线路绝缘子运行性能与电网可靠性密切相关。目前，绝缘子覆冰闪络问题仍严重威胁覆冰地区输电系统的运行安全。开发输电线路新型防覆冰技术，具有重要的科学意义和工程价值。本项目提出采用磁控溅射法制备具有纳米棒状超疏水ZnO表面，结合防冰性能及电气性能对超疏水ZnO表面的制备工艺进行优化并确定最终涂层制备参数。系统研究了环境条件对超疏水ZnO表面水滴静态结冰过程及雨凇防覆冰性能的影响，通过搭建水滴碰撞动态试验平台，研究了过冷却水滴碰撞低温超疏水ZnO表面的动态过程。对超疏水ZnO表面的抗结霜性能进行了研究，指出只有使低温环境下冷凝水滴成Cassie状态冷凝的超疏水表面才具有优异的抗结霜性能，提出了超疏水ZnO表面抗结霜机理。系统研究了不同制备工艺下超疏水表面的持久性防冰性能，同时探究了具有优异持久防冰性能的超疏水ZnO表面的疏水稳定性。根据输电线路玻璃绝缘子的实际应用需求，搭建了射频磁控溅射设备试验平台，并在磁控溅射腔体中安装与之相匹配的支架，利用磁控溅射技术在玻璃绝缘子表面制备得到了具有优异超疏水性能的超疏水ZnO涂层。