社会文化影响饮食和身体意象障碍的神经和认知反应

Obesity and disordered eating are serious public health concerns that have risen sharply in China during the past three decades. Increased exposure to and preferences for Western diets and unrealistic portrayals of physical attractiveness from Western media, respectively, have been implicated as key sociocultural factors relevant to in explaining why China has shown recent surges in rates of overweight, and disturbances in eating, and body image disturbances (e.g., Luo et al., 2005; Madanat et al., 2011). In contrast, other researchers have provided evidence indicating people often prefer to consume foods with culturally-familiar tastes (Birch, 1999; Wang et al., 2015) and identify more strongly with mass media portrayals of attractiveness that reflecting their own culture and language (Jackson et al., 2016). From this perspective, indigenous sociocultural influences may be more relevant than Westernforeign sociocultural influences are for understanding these problems. .Directly testing the relative impact of indigenous (i.e., Chinese) versus Western sociocultural influences on weight and eating disturbances is critically important for generating valid explanations for weight and eating disturbances,these phenomena, guidingdetermining how China-based scholars should proceed with research on these issues (e.g., use of Chinese versus Western stimulus materials), and developing interventions that target the most important causes of these problems (e.g., unrealistic portrayals of physical attractiveness standards from Chinese/Asian media versus Western media). Studies summarized in this proposal are the first ever to test effects of Chinese versus Western sociocultural influences (i.e., food and meal images, media portrayals of attractiveness) on neural responses and subjective evaluations of laboratory stimuli as well as changes in eating and body image disturbances over an extended period of time. .The proposal includes five sections. First, research on the prevalence and consequences of obesity and eating disorders is described to highlight potentially devastating personal and economic effects for China and its people. Second, an overview of Westernization as an explanation for these problems is presented. Third, a selective critique of “Westernization” hypotheses is provided and research highlighting the possible role of indigenous (Chinese) sociocultural factors in introduced as an alternative explanation. Fourth, the content of 10 studies that comprise this proposal are summarized. Finally, key innovations of each study are outlined in relation their theoretical and applied value.

近三十年来，肥胖和饮食失调这两个严重的公共健康问题在中国急剧突显。西方饮食增加和对其偏爱，以及西媒对身体吸引力的失真描绘，被认为是解释中国超重、饮食失调和身体意象障碍高发的关键社会文化因素。但也有观点认为，人们偏爱熟悉文化下的食物，更加认同反映本土文化和语言的媒体对身体吸引力的描绘。因此，本土文化的影响可能更大。通过对比中西社会文化对肥胖和饮食失调的影响，有助于对上述问题做出有效解释，并引导具有针对性的研究（如使用中西方刺激材料）、制定相应干预措施。本项目首次测试中国群体对中西文化相关刺激的主观评价和神经反应；并考察中西文化对一年内饮食和身体意向变化的影响。本项目包括五个部分。首先，说明肥胖和饮食失调的流行率和后果。其次，介绍“西化”影响上述问题的相关研究。第三，强调中国社会文化对上述问题的影响。第四，概述本项目的10项研究。最后，阐述每项研究在理论和应用价值上的创新之处。

身体不满、饮食失调和肥胖在中国越来越普遍。例如，中国年轻女性的临床饮食失调率与西方国家相似（e.g., Yao et al., 2021）。中国的整容手术率位居世界第二，年轻女性占这些手术者的 70%（Cui & Fang，2022；Wen，2013）。中国成年人的超重率 (34.3%) 和肥胖率 (16.4%) 也急剧上升，尤其是男性（Pan，2021）。. 尽管造成上述趋势的原因有多种，但来自中国和西方国家的媒体影响是其中一个关键因素。不幸的是，在中国背景下，媒体对身体意象和食物的图像相关的文化、神经和认知-感知因素知之甚少。本项目通过四大目标填补了这一空缺：(1) 理清对于中国和西方食物图像的神经和认知-感知反应，(2) 阐明中国和西方媒体对瘦吸引力理想形象的描画的认知-感知反应，(3) 评估中国和西方媒体对中国年轻人饮食/身体意象障碍的影响，(4)探索暴露在中国媒体中瘦理想形象、以及挑战这种理想的干预措施如何影响身体意象和饮食。. 关于第一个目标，中国年轻人对中国（与西方）食物图像的有意识评价没有差异。然而，中国食物图像在与渴望、味觉、注意力、奖赏和视觉处理相关的大脑区域引起了明显更强烈的激活。平均或超重/肥胖体重状态不影响结果。关于第二个目标，眼动追踪研究表明年轻的中国女性表现出视觉注意力偏差（整体注视时间更长）和更喜欢亚洲（相对于西方）模特和更瘦（相对于平均身材或超重）模特，对更瘦的比平均体型的模特有更好的记忆效果。与第三个目标相关的研究表明，来自媒体的基于外貌的感知压力或效仿媒体对理想化外貌的描述，尤其是来自中国媒体的压力，预示着一年后身体意象问题和饮食失调的增加。关于目标四，中国社交媒体对女性超瘦形象的刻画比对男性更显著，但仅在已经对自己的身体不满意的年轻女性中有影响。此外，两项随机对照试验表明，旨在减少瘦理想内化的身体意象干预改善了6、12 个月后随访的许多结果变量。