城市水适应性景观的水文调控机制及其效绩评估

Rapid urbanization in China over the recent decades has caused a series of ecological and environmental issues on the nation’s water systems such as irreversibly changing hydrological circulation conditions, increasing the risk of urban floods and water shortages, causing the degradation of underground water quantities and qualities, and reducing biological habitats. Based on the complexities and the comprehensiveness of issues related to hydrological ecosystems today, theories from landscape ecology, hydraulic dynamics, ecological hydraulic engineering as well as urban planning are combined into one framework to address these question. By means of mathematical and relevant experimentation, using observational data and survey data from already finished water adaptive landscape demonstration project, this project is planning to study water retaining landscape in the origin of runoff, water runoff reducing process and adaptive performance in the end of runoff from different classes and aspects, and also to study the mechanism of flood and storm water process, water purification, as well as other functions of water adaptive landscape system. Researching on existing ecological planning and projects, the project also deals with framing the method and the indications of performance evaluation of water adaptive landscape project to provide a reliable method and tool in comparing and evaluating water adaptive landscape and scenarios for the “Sponge City” planning and design.

我国快速城镇化过程极大的改变了区域水循环条件，加大了城市洪涝与缺水风险，引发了地下水位下降、水生栖息地消失、水污染加剧等一系列水生态、水环境问题。本项目针对中国水情和水生态系统的复杂性与综合性，结合景观生态学、水文水动力学、生态水利学、城市规划学等多学科的理论，在发展水适应性景观理论框架基础上，以当代水适应性景观为具体研究对象，拟以申请人亲自主持完成的实际城市水适应性景观示范工程的观测数据为依据，结合数值模拟和实验的手段，分层级分功能的研究源头蓄滞、过程减控、末端适应这一水适应性景观系统的防洪治涝、水质净化等水文调控机制；以规划案例和示范工程为实证，建立城市水适应性景观设施效绩综合评估的指标体系与评估方法，为海绵城市规划与设计方案的优化与比选，提供基本的手段。

本项目针对中国水情和水生态系统的复杂性与综合性，结合景观生态学、水文水动力学、生态水利学、城市规划学等多学科的理论，发展了水适应性景观的理论框架，从宏观、中观、微观三个尺度提出了其技术方法体系。针对申请人亲自主持设计完成的水适应性景观示范工程，开展降雨、径流等水文过程监测，并结合数值模拟，分层级分功能研究了源头蓄滞、过程减控、末端适应这一水适应性景观系统的防洪治涝、水质净化等水文调控机制，揭示了水适应性景观设施在地表水文过程调节方面的显著效果。基于生态系统服务框架，结合景观绩效、运行后监测等相关评价体系，提出了基于生态系统服务的综合绩效评价体系，包含5大类和28个指标。并针对水适应性景观和传统景观进行了综合绩效的对比研究，结果充分说明了以综合生态系统服务为导向的水适应性景观不仅可以有效地调节地表水文过程，而且能够实现提供高质的综合生态系统服务。本项目提出了七大模块：源头的雨水渗透消纳、径流过程的缓流滞蓄、末端洪水的弹性适应、水质的生态净化、水资源和水中营养物利用、水生态系统修复、自然系统保护。同时提出了海绵城市建设建议，为海绵城市规划与设计方案的优化与比选，提供了有效的技术和理论建议。