干旱区绿洲荒漠化防治生态政策实施与农村社区综合响应效果研究——以民勤绿洲为例

Chinese government and social organizations spent large amounts of money and rallied verious resources to prevent and treat desertification. Due to different natural conditions and theories on provention and treatment of desertificatioin,there formed different systems of guiding concepts and ecopolicy. Consequently, the effects of enforcement of policies presented "plaque shape" diffences at micro areas. With the tendency of integration of treatment policies and strengthening and increasing of costinput, scientifically examining, supervising and evaluating the effects of enforcement of policies is needed urgently, so that the system of ecopolicy can be adjusted and improved. Based on the findings of pre-studies, the boundary space of local entironment, administrative divisions and enforcement policies of each plot is overlaping highly. It presented different plot characteristics in the scale of administrative village and natural village. .Mainly based on the above-mentioned phenomena, this project is going to take rural community as basic unit to completely compare the entironment, enforcement of policies and comprehensive responses of rural communities among "plaques". PM&E will be applied to frame a system of measure or index on environmental changes,measures of ecopolicy, public understanding and public behaviors. As for the typically different problems of humanistic community in rural communities, research methods of sociology will be applied to measure on constant proportion, distance, sequencing and classification, therefore acquire quantitative comparison of the effects of ecopolicy enforcement and reveal the success and failure of the ecopolicy system at micro area. As the result, specific solutions will be proposed according to different types of communities, so that to provide credible research methods and practicable means for ecopolicy making and effect evaluation, as well as scientific basis for government dicision-making to maximize the effect of investment on ecological construction.

当前国家消耗巨额财力用于沙漠化防治。由于自然环境条件、沙漠化防治理论不同，指导原则和生态政策各成体系，政策实施效果在微观区域中表现出"斑块状"差异。政府在生态综合治理快速加强的趋势中，迫切需要科学、精确的评估生态政策实施效果，及时调整完善生态政策体系。根据前期研究发现，每地块的局部生态环境、行政区划和政策实施的空间边界高度重合，表现出清晰的行政村、自然村尺度地块差异特征，和社区内部"均值化"现象。以此现象为重要依据，本项课题以农村社区为基础单元，构建完整的环境、政策、社区响应测量指标体系，对斑块之间的生态环境、政策实施和农村社区综合响应，进行定比、定距、定序、定类的完整测量，获得原创性数据开展对比研究。揭示生态政策在农村社区的成败机制，根据不同社区类型提出具体的政策优化应对措施，为国家生态建设投入实现最大化效果提供科学决策依据，同时为生态政策制订和效果评估提供可靠的研究理论与实践方法。

当前国家消耗巨额财力用于沙漠化防治和生态建设。由于自然环境条件、沙漠化防治理论不同，指导原则和生态政策各成体系，政策实施效果在微观区域中表现出鲜明的"斑块"差异。.本项课题以农村社区为基础单元，对民勤绿洲颁布实施的生态政策进行分类研究，厘清具有生态属性的各类政策，归纳出已经同步发展的沙漠化防治体系、水资源利用体系、生态产业建设体系、农民生计发展体系，共4类生态政策体系。并确定当前生态建设已经进入“综合治理期”。.对农村社区的生态政策响应在不同区域空间差异研究，分析出：区位环境、社区发展、生态建设，3种主导类型。包括：绿洲高效农业、荒漠禁牧还草、“人进沙退”、“人定沙定”、“人退沙退”、“关井压田”、“项目支撑”、“政策调控”、“生态城镇”，共9种农村社区发展的微观模式。.研究结果表明：各种模式严格受自然环境、社会经济发展水平约束，互相之间无法替代。必须遵循区位环境要素确定农村社区生态政策，选择社会经济发展模式。其中“人定沙定”模式从政策制定到综合效益，成本最低，各项产出指标最平衡，整体产出最高。.生态政策实施综合效果评估研究中，重点对内陆河下游绿洲、尾闾湖泊生态建设效果进行分类研究。总结出人工绿洲演化过程出现：水库景观、绿洲景观、河道湿地景观、尾闾湖泊景观，4种景观功能区。人工建设尾闾湖泊有：湿地建设型、水域维持型、生产恢复型、综合目标型，4种尾闾湖泊建设类型。.研究结果表明：内陆河下游绿洲、尾闾湖泊，已经过三个清晰的演化阶段，即：“绿洲—自然尾闾湖泊”阶段，“水库建设—绿洲扩大—自然湖泊消失”阶段，和“水库生态分水—绿洲规模控制—人工湖泊恢复”阶段。.在当前生态政策体系制约下，流域内正在向“传统农业规模控制、水资源利用平衡、整体社会经济稳定、自然灾害减少、生态环境安全的局面”逐步演化。其中“传统农业规模控制”对水资源合理利用、现代农业转型发展、城镇化发展，均具有强制性和推动作用。