基于空间句法与心理图像的城市滨水公共空间设计优化策略——以上海苏州河为例

Space Syntax theories and techniques has been regarded as one of the most practical tool used in spatial configuration. It has been accepted as a scientific method which can analysis and evaluated urban studies by transforming and de-codifying data bases and information collected from urban space into visual diagrams and drawing. Those researches can get profits from space syntax method are urban design, built environment study, urban public spaces and other topics that based on analysis of urban morphology. However, the analysis based on space syntax technique pays more interest in the physical conditions of built environment which cause behavior tendency and movements, so in contrary, less or none notice about the psychological reflection of the daily life happening in the built environment. And the theory of Psycho-geography recalls the needs of inserting the psychological aspect into spatial analysis, which can draw a visual interpretation of the mental map of the built environment in urban fabric. So the main idea of this research is to experience the attempt to co-operate these two approaches, space syntax and psycho-geography in the urban study of one specific area with criteria of water in the city – the water front of Suzhou River in Shanghai. The principal law for that co-operation is to use space syntax as the fundamental analyze method, psycho-geography as the additional tool of reference working parallel with syntax study in that urban morphological research of public spaces in the water front area of Suzhou River. It not only can simulated and qualify the actual condition of human behavior in the selected area by scientific recording and mapping through the syntax way, but also it can review the syntax model by comparing the result of psycho-geography map. Apply the newly established model in the analysis of the composition of public spaces in water front of Suzhou River and evaluate the daily life vitality by observing and tracking the people flow of the selected area is the main object of this research. And to give proposal for the urban renew strategy of urban design in order to rise up the daily life vitality of the water front area is the main value of this research.

空间句法理论和方法已被广泛地运用于城市设计、建成环境分析等城市研究领域，空间数据采集与图像化转译已成为一种科学提取城市空间特征的方法。但是，基于句法理论的空间分析模型，只能在客观层面分析建成空间环境对行为的影响，而缺少心理层面的分析。人是空间的使用者，空间分析不能缺少人的心理感知分析，而心理图像理论则是可以与句法理论互补，分析人心理感知的方法之一。它主要是通过记录人对空间的特征描述，从中提取关键词生成心理图像，从而图像化地表达人对于空间的感知体验。选择城市滨水公共空间作为研究对象，是将这种二元耦合方法模型使用在物质与心理两方面兼具特点的研究对象上，运用线性分布的空间形态与傍水而居的生活状态两个特点，来保证给三维句法模型增加第四个心理维度的可能性，从而图像化地归纳空间形态对于城市活力产生影响的因素，为优化滨水公共空间设计提供科学依据，实现促进城市滨水空间的再利用与更新，提升城市活力之目的。

本课题针对上海苏州河滨河地区控制性详细规划所划定的总用地面积范围内黄浦江以西、内环线以东苏州河两岸，由西往东：中山西路至江苏北路，镇坪路至天目西路，天目西路至西藏中路，西藏中路至外滩的四段城市滨水沿岸公共空间组合格局进行研究。研究运用经典的空间句法理论思想，使用空间句法与GIS的结合，由于水体的特殊性，这在无形中自然地增加了滨水区域在整合度Integration（相当于图论中的接近中心性closeness）中的权重，运用空间句法线段模型（Choice R800）分析出苏州河滨河沿线空间的潜力，通过可视图像分析（Visibility Graph Analysis，VGA）与计算机辅助计算能够表达分析视线的可达性与开放空间形态之间的直接关系，从而推算和模拟人流分布的特点与空间格局之间的联系。在此基础上辅助人工的在地记录的方法，完成对象区域范围内的人行热度分布校核。其次运用心理图像方法在对象区域内完成采集使用者语言或手绘心理地图，对关键词或关键图例的提取和统计，完成心理地图公共要素分析。最后完成两份资料整合，定义出影响滨水空间使用活力（水体和行人互动）的综合因素。本课题的研究成果参与到了苏州河的活化更新研究中，在辟建道路和绿化、新建跨河人行桥梁、改造防汛墙和亲水平台等举措中，为制定更精确和有效的改造实施办法提出设计意见，为既有设计的使用后评估提出参考意见，从而实现提升市民生活品质的根本目标。