淮河源地区典型村镇生活垃圾处理模式的生态效率评价与结构优化研究

As a complicated system concerned with multi-factor including environment,economy and technology , municipal solid waste treatments for villages and towns are different for various geographic areas, due to their unique physicochemical characteristics and distributions. However, at present, it is lack in the study about the method of the performance evaluation,which is still far away from the practical demands in the treatment of municipal solid waste.Therefore, from the perspective of environmental improvement caused by the unit cost’ increase, this study will propose the ecological efficiency model with the integration of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC). Meanwhile, it also raises a set of structure optimization models based on the equilibrium of environmental and economic impact, with the aid of multi-objective nonlinear programming (MONP) method, this study attempts to explore pareto optimal allocation structure and actual management paths of municipal solid waste treatments for villages and towns . Three towns (including nine villages) in the headwater area of Huaihe river basin will be selected for empirical research,which represent three kinds of geomorphic types respectively, such as plain, hill and low mountainous.Then, this study will analyze the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of composition and physicochemical property of municipal solid waste for this area. Subsequently, parameter data base will be established about environmental impact and economic cost of solid waste treatment . At last, adaptive management patterns are explored considering regional characteristics.This study will provide important scientific supporting data and decision-making tools for the waste management practice in the headwater area of Huaihe river basin.

村镇生活垃圾的处理是一个综合环境、经济和技术等多因素的系统问题，不同地理区域因生活垃圾的理化特性和分布差异而应采取不同的垃圾处理系统。目前针对我国不同地区村镇垃圾处理系统的绩效评估方法研究还比较薄弱，不能为村镇生活垃圾处理实践提供足够的科技支撑。本研究拟基于生命周期评价和生命周期成本方法，从单位成本增加引起的环境改善角度，构建村镇生活垃圾处理模式的生态效率评价模型。利用多目标非线性规划方法，建立均衡环境影响与经济影响的生活垃圾处理模式结构优化模型，探寻帕累托最优配置结构及其管理路径。拟在河南省淮河源地区分别选择平原、丘陵和山区典型地貌类型各1个乡镇（9个案例村）进行实证研究，分析淮河源地区村镇生活垃圾理化组分的时空分异特征，完善垃圾处理全过程环境-经济特征参数库，探索具有地理区域特点的生活垃圾处理适应性管理模式，为淮河源地区村镇生活垃圾处理实践提供科学基础与辅助决策工具。

村镇生活垃圾处理是一个综合环境、经济和技术等多因素的系统问题，不同区域因生活垃圾的理化特性和分布差异而应采取不同的垃圾处理系统。本研究通过对平原、丘陵和山区典型地貌类型的9个案例村进行垃圾样品的采集和测试，分析淮河源地区生活垃圾组分和理化特征。本研究将多种定量方法相结合，构建集成生命周期评价和生命周期成本的生态效率评价模型，从资源—环境—经济角度对垃圾处理系统进行测度；改进欧氏距离和曼哈顿距离，运用蚁群算法对垃圾运输路线进行优化，并建立了约束条件下垃圾处理模式结构优化模型。研究结果表明：淮河源地区人均垃圾产生量为0.276±0.171 kg/d.人，混合垃圾的含水率为54.89±3.80%，生活垃圾生物可降解率为56.79±5.43%，低位热值平均为5808.60 KJ/kg，适合做焚烧处理。垃圾处理模式环境测度和经济测度结果显示：现状混合填埋模式（情景1，S1）环境影响最大，“回收+填埋”处理模式（情景2，S2）环境影响其次，平原村镇“回收+堆肥+焚烧”处理模式（情景4，S4）环境影响最小，丘陵和山区村镇“回收+堆肥+填埋”处理模式（情景3，S3）环境影响最小；垃圾处理过程的全球变暖对总环境影响贡献最大，4种情景均超过65%。垃圾处理模式经济成本平原村镇S4>S3>S1>S2，丘陵和山区村镇S4>S1>S2>S3。垃圾处理模式的生态效率模型分析表明：S2为平原村镇不同生活垃圾处理模式对比时潜在最优情景，S3在丘陵和山区村镇垃圾处理模式中的优势明显。改进距离优化后的路线距离明显短于优化前的距离，可缩短运输距离，提高运输效率。约束条件下，单位成本投入带来的环境改善最大的处理模式结构为：平原村镇填埋、堆肥与焚烧比例分别为 53%,36%,19%，丘陵村镇比例为 34%,49%,17%，山区村镇比例为30%,61%,9%。研究结果可为淮河源地区村镇生活垃圾决策管理提供方法基础和科技支撑。