磁州窑白地黑花等瓷器的烧制工艺与呈色机制

Ancient Chinese porcelain is the essence of Chinese culture(quotation from Prof. Tsung-Dao Lee), and one of the most important and influencing contributions to the world civilization by the Chinese nation. Cizhou kiln is the largest kiln in ancient North China. The porcelain with red and green color created there laid a development foundation of the colorful porcelain formed under low temperature later. Its porcelain specialized with black flower on white background provides technical guarantees for the occurrence of the porcelain with colorful glaze , such as the blue and white porcelain and the porcelain with red under glaze during Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. It combines painting and ceramics art together and opens up a new field of ceramics art. Lately, the discovery of white porcelain on Caocun kiln during North Qi dynasty, belonging to Cizhou kiln, might make a significant advance to its beginning time of Cizhou kiln and provides a new and important perspective for exploring early white porcelain.. Cizhou kiln has not been paid enough attention to despite the fact that it occupies a very important position in Chinese ceramics history. In this project enough sherds of porcelain with black flower on white background from Cizhou, Changsha and Jiexiu kilns, were selected and systemic researching will be undertaken for seeking the inheriting relationship among Cizhou kiln itself and among three kilns mentioned above. At the same time, we will research on the firing technique and coloration mechanism of the porcelain with black flower on white background and the porcelain with red and green color. Cizhou kiln belonged to a folk kiln, but it was almost an agglomeration of techniques and art of ancient Chinese ceramics. If the firing technique and art performance will be made clear, the brilliant achievements of ancient Chinese porcelain could be deeply understood for later ages.

中国古代瓷器是华夏文化之精髓(李政道语)，是中华民族对世界文明最重要、最有影响的贡献之一。磁州窑是我国北方最大的窑场，它创烧的红、绿彩瓷，奠定了后世低温彩瓷的发展基础；其独树一帜的白地黑花瓷器，为元明清青花瓷、釉里红等釉下彩瓷提供了技术保障，其融绘画与陶瓷工艺为一体，又开辟了陶瓷艺术的新天地。近年曹村窑(属磁州窑)北齐时代白瓷的发现，似可将磁州窑的创烧年代大幅提前，为我国早期白瓷的探索，提供了新的重要视角。.尽管磁州窑在我国古陶瓷发展史上占有特殊重要的位置，然而并未受到应有的重视。本课题拟选择足量的磁州窑、长沙窑、介休窑白地黑花残片，开展系统的研究，探索磁州窑自身以及上述三窑之间的"承继"关系。与此同时，探索磁州窑白地黑花和红绿彩瓷器的烧制工艺与呈色机制。磁州窑虽为民窑，但它几乎集了我国古瓷器工艺和艺术之大成，显然，捋清磁州窑的烧制工艺和艺术成就，可望更深刻地理解后世中国古瓷器的辉煌成就

中国古代瓷器是中华民族对世界文明最重要、最有影响的贡献之一。作为我国北方最大的窑场 ─ 磁州窑，它创烧的红、绿彩瓷，奠定了后世低温彩瓷的工艺基础；其独树一帜的白地黑花瓷器，为元明清青花瓷、釉里红等釉下彩瓷提供了技术保障，而其融绘画与陶瓷工艺为一体，又开辟了陶瓷艺术的新天地。这就是说，系统探讨磁州窑瓷器的烧制工艺，可望较为全面地揭示中国古代瓷器的技术成就。经过4年多的深入分析，业已取得如下重要成果：1. 矾红颜料制备的模拟实验表明，绿矾(FeSO4)和赭石(Fe2O3)等矿物原料烧制的氧化铁红色颜料，它们的TEM表征结果有显著差异：前者呈片状，多晶结构；后者呈球状，有明显颈缩(necking)现象，斜方结构(α- Fe2O3)。2. 采用SEM和光学显微镜，经系统分析临水窑不同时期的白底黑花残片，发现直至元代，仍有相当比例的黑彩着色层位于釉层下部。3. 采用多种测试方法，证实临水窑出土红绿彩瓷的黑色轮廓系高温彩，从而表明这类瓷器实际上是‘斗彩’的雏形。4. 利用同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(SRXRF)、X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)技术，测试分析不同呈色的白底黑花样品，结果显示，不同呈色样品铁元素的近边吸收结构无明显差异。其不同呈色主要取决于铁含量。5. 采用多种无损方法，分析了若干明宣德景德镇官窑祭红瓷器残片。显微观察表明，不同呈色区域表层都有相似的透明釉，其呈色差异取决于红色颜料层内Cu的赋存状态。6. 重新建立了古代瓷器的定义，根据新的定义，我国的青瓷起源至少不晚于夏代。7. 论证了影青瓷的起源与北方白瓷密切相关。所有这些研究成果，不仅较为全面地揭示了磁州窑的工艺特征和水平，还将我国青瓷的起源时间大幅提前。