疏勒河流域中游绿洲生态需水过程与阈值研究

Ecological water requirement is one of the hot issues of eco-hydrology study both at home and abroad, and is fundamental scientific problem for ecol-environmental rehabilitation and protection in region. Based on theory and method of ecological water requirement at home and abroad, applied statistical analyses method, spatial analyses method and remote sensing and GIS method, ecological water requirement type were researched, and characteristic and law of ecological water requirement were analyzed, which spatial-temporal variation characteristic and distribution rule of ecological water requirement were revealed and different protection aim of ecological water requirement configuration law and regulation scheme of ecological water were put forward in the middle reaches oasis of Shule river basin. The suitable calculation methods of ecological water requirement were discussed, ecological water requirement were quantitatively evaluated in the middle reaches oasis of Shule river basin. The quantitative model of ecological water requirement were built and based on ecological process, characteristic of ecological water requirement were simulated in different ecological type in the middle reaches oasis of Shule river basin. The ecological water requirement threshold were studied, and threshold model of ecological water requirement were established in the middle reaches oasis of Shule river basin and based on ecological process, the action mechanism, configuration model and spatial distribution pattern of water resource were clarified, which would develop hydrology theory in arid area river basin and offered theoretically basis for with reason collocation and optimal use of water resource in arid area.

生态需水研究是国内外生态水文学研究的热点问题之一，同时是区域生态环境保护和恢复重建中必须面对的基础科学问题。基于国内外生态需水研究理论和方法，借助统计分析法、空间分析法、遥感和GIS技术方法，以疏勒河流域中游绿洲为研究区，系统研究疏勒河流域中游绿洲生态需水类型，分析生态需水规律与特征，揭示流域绿洲生态需水时空分布规律与变异特征，提出不同保护目标的生态需水配置规律与生态需水调度方案；探讨适宜内陆河流域绿洲生态需水定量化计算方法，定量估算流域中游绿洲生态需水量；建立流域中游绿洲生态需水定量化模型，模拟基于生态过程的不同类型生态需水特征；研究疏勒河流域中游绿洲生态需水阈值，建立中游绿洲生态需水阈值模型，提出流域中游绿洲生态需水阈值；阐述基于生态需水的流域水资源空间分布格局、配置方式和作用机制，发展干旱区流域水文学理论，为干旱区水资源合理配置和优化利用提供理论依据。

针对疏勒河流域中游绿洲存在的生态环境问题和水资源危机，开展流域中游绿洲生态需水与水资源合理利用研究，提出满足生态目标的生态需水配置方案，确定适宜的绿洲生态需水量，从而为改善内陆河流域生态环境提供可借鉴依据，对环境变化条件下流域水资源规划、优化配置与合理利用，具有十分重要的科学意义和应用价值。主要研究内容及取得成果如下：. （1）基于疏勒河中游区生态系统类型、生态需水研究体系、生态需水类型划分以及不同类型生态需水特征等方面，构建了疏勒河流域中游绿洲生态环境需水理论框架，同时界定了流域中游绿洲生态需水内涵。. （2）基于疏勒河中游绿洲生态系统特点，依据不同的生态功能分区原则与方法，提出了基于生态系统的疏勒河中游绿洲生态功能分区。. （3）根据疏勒河流域中游绿洲生态需水研究体系与生态需水类型，构建了由天然植被、河流、湿地和防治耕地盐碱化生态环境需水量构成的疏勒河中游绿洲生态需水定量化模型，并确定了各自计算方法。. （4）根据建立的定量化模型和确定的计算方法，估算了2013年、保护目标下2020年和2030年疏勒河中游绿洲天然植被、河流、湿地和防治耕地盐碱化环境需水量，并估算了最大、最小和最适生态环境需水量。. （5）通过计算，1970-2013年疏勒河中游绿洲天然植被、河流基本生态、河流水面蒸发和湿地生态环境需水量均呈现逐渐减少趋势，同时总生态环境需水量也呈现逐渐减少趋势，而防治耕地盐碱化生态环境需水量呈现逐渐增加趋势。生态环境需水量空间变化特征呈现瓜州>敦煌>玉门，同时各区域生态环境需水量均呈现减少趋势。. （6）基于疏勒河中游绿洲水资源配置目标与原则，结合区域社会经济发展预测，提出了基于生态需水的疏勒河中游绿洲2020年和2030年水资源优化配置方案。