转型期城乡绿地系统优化方法研究- - 以长江三角洲区域为例

Yangze River Delta region is characterized by a considerable urban sprawl in China which is developing in the fast urbanization period. Cities sprawling become regional ,huge and intense. Non-urbanized areas(NUAs) today are endangered by urban sprawl, which is the main cause of their fragmentation and loss of evapotranspiration features. It also faces many ecological environment problems in the high density area. Taking Yangze River Delta area as study area, based on landscape ecology theory and conservation ecology theory, optimization approaches of green space system in several levels are studied. (1) In regional level, the protection of NUAs is a fundamental issue for land-use planning, and it requires appropriate strategies for their management. We propose a land-use suitability strategy, based on green infrastructure planning, to address the land-use of NUAs: land-use and land cover analysis quantifies the percentage of evapotranspiring surface for each land-use; fragmentation analysis assesses the size and density of NUAs; interference analysis takes into account the degree by urbanization; the results from these analyses are integrated in a land-use suitability matrix, which produces as output a new scenario of prospective land-uses for regional area. (2) In the high density built area level, the aim of optimization is improve green space efficiency : green space efficiency assessment index respects their ecosystem services in ecological, social and economic fields; relativity analysis verifies the relationship between landscape pattern and green space efficiency; the result form this analyses are integrated to help control the suitable green space pattern in urban detailed planning. (3) Combining regional ,high density level and existing urban level green space planning, a systematic urban-rural green space planning method is proposed, which can play great role in sustainable development. (4) The method is tested on many municipalities in Yangze River Delta region to help make scientific decision and the guidance of other developing region.

以快速城市化进程中的长江三角洲区域为研究对象，针对城市发展区域化、巨型化、集约化出现的生态环境问题，以景观生态学、保护生态学理论为基础，探索构建多层次城乡绿地系统规划体系的城乡生态系统优化途径。（1）立足区域层面，揭示城市扩张对区域生态环境造成的生态威胁，探讨不同区域尺度绿色基础设施的规划方法，为城乡可持续发展提供依据；（2）立足高密度建成区，建立绿地效能评价体系，阐明绿地结构对绿地效能发挥的制约机制，以发挥最佳绿地效能为目标，探讨绿地景观格局优化方法，为城市绿地系统分区控制提供依据；（3）通过"城市本位"向"城乡统筹"观念的转型，完善城乡绿地系统规划体系，并寻求与相关法定规划的整合途径，对风景园林学理论与方法的完善具有重要意义；（4）结合实践为长三角区域生态环境可持续发展提出优化策略和示范。

本研究以长江三角洲（苏锡常地区、上海城区）为典型案例区域，通过分析快速城市化进程中城市区域化、巨型化、集约化发展形成的生态环境安全问题，生态文明建设的总体需求以及当前城乡绿地系统规划在理念与规划方法中存在的“重建成区、轻市域”、“重数量，轻质量”等问题，根据景观生态学格局、尺度、过程理论，建构了多尺度（区域、城市、街区）多目标S-E-E（ “生态安全(Security)→空间公平(Equity)→服务效能(Efficiency)” ）包含式可持续发展的城乡绿地系统规划体系。. 立足区域层面，以提高可操作性、与相关分类标准的衔接性以及体现生态系统服务功能的角度，本研究提出按照主导生态服务功能分类方法，将市域绿地分为四大类，即生态保护类、防护隔离类、风景游憩类和经济生产类，解决了区域生态用功能复合性强、地权属复杂的问题；以构建生态安全格局为目标，系统总结了区域绿色基础设施规划的四种途径，并创新性地提出了由于城市扩张对区域生态环境造成的生态威胁下区域生态安全格局的动态响应方法，即景观生态安全评估和预警，提出了区域绿地分类、分级、分单元管控机制。. 立足高密度建成区，建立了社会-经济-生态绿地效能的综合评价体系，发现了绿地面积、形状、破碎化程度、连通性等结构特征，绿地树种构成、种植结构、植物个体特征、三层盖度和等植物指标时影响绿地生态效能的关键因素，阐明绿地结构对效能发挥影响机制，并系统探讨了场所层次雨洪管理导向下绿地规划设计方法。.城乡绿地系统规划只有纳入法定规划才能发挥法律效益。本研究提出了市域/区域绿地规划与土地利用总体规划及市域城镇体系规划在空间管制分区划定上进行整合，而城市绿地系统规划在中微观层次上分别与城市总体规划和控制性详细规划进行整合的内容和时序关系。. 本研究成果丰富完善了城乡绿地系统规划理论，为生态环境的保护规划提供了理论依据和技术支持。