具有红外反射功能的本质阻燃气凝胶保温材料制备与结构性能研究

Due to the practical problems of current thermal insulation materials, this project focuses on the achievement of fire-resistant and mechanically-strong polysaccharide biopolymer/polyaniline aerogel insulation material with infrared reflective property. These aerogels would be fabricated from anionic polysaccharide biopolymer/polyaniline supermolecular hydrogels, in which polyaniline composition is expected to endow the resulting materials with special infrared reflective characteristic, thus leading to a very high insulation efficiency of the aerogels. Simultaneously, benefitting from the good mechanical property of polysaccharide biopolymer, the flame retardant property of polyaniline, and the cross-linking chemical structure, the aerogel material is also expected to show great flame retardation and strong mechanical property. The fabrication, structure and properties (including infrared reflective properties, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and flame-retardant properties) of the resulting aerogel would be investigated to reveal the corresponding mechanisms and relationships. Furthermore, this project would provide a scientific basis for the development of infrared reflective aerogel with high insulating efficiency, good fire retardancy and mechanical property.Therefore, this project has both scientific meanings and application prospects.

针对现有保温防护材料存在的隔热效率低、保温性能差、易燃及力学性能不佳的难题，本项目利用聚苯胺的难燃性和红外反射特性，在其水溶液聚合过程中诱导阴离子多糖聚合物形成稳定交联凝胶，制备一种力学性能较佳且具有红外反射功能的本质阻燃气凝胶保温材料。该气凝胶保温材料由于同时具有红外反射功能和低导热系数，因而具有极高的保温效率；得益于聚苯胺的阻燃性、多糖聚合物优异的力学性质以及二者间稳定的超分子交联结构，气凝胶不仅具有优秀的阻燃性能，还具有较佳的力学性能。通过研究气凝胶的化学结构、制备方法、微观形貌与性能，阐明此类高性能气凝胶的高保温效率与阻燃的机理，揭示气凝胶构成、结构与材料的红外反射性能、力学性能、保温性能、阻燃性能的关系；为同时实现阻燃、隔热和力学增强的聚合物气凝胶保温材料的设计与制备提供科学依据。因此，本项目既具有科学意义，又具有应用前景。

本项目针对现有保温防护材料存在的隔热效率低、保温性能差、易燃及力学性能不佳的难题，利用聚苯胺的难燃性和红外反射特性，在其水溶液聚合过程中诱导阴离子多糖聚合物（低酯果胶、海藻酸钠等）形成稳定交联凝胶，设计直接凝胶法与再生凝胶法两种方法，制备一系列力学性能较佳且具有红外反射功能的本质阻燃气凝胶保温材料。研究结果表明，该气凝胶保温材料由于同时具有红外反射功能和低导热系数（0.031-0.039 W/mK），因而具有极高的保温效率；得益于聚苯胺的阻燃性、多糖聚合物优异的力学性质以及二者间稳定的超分子交联结构，气凝胶不仅具有优秀的阻燃性能（LOI 28%、热与烟释放大幅降低等），还具有较佳的力学性能（压缩强度1.2-9.2 MPa）。以聚苯胺/低酯果胶气凝胶为代表研究对象，通过研究气凝胶的化学结构、制备方法、微观形貌与性能，揭示了“气凝胶组成结构”-“红外反射性能”-“隔热保温性能”-“物理机械性能”-“阻燃性能”之间的构效关系，阐明了此类材料的阻燃机理。在本项目的开展过程中，共发表SCI论文15篇，其中第一资助6篇，IF≥3的论文12篇；授权发明专利4项(ZL201610037089.8, ZL201510683167.7, ZL201610349518.5, ZL201510873690.6)，为同时实现阻燃、隔热和力学增强的聚合物气凝胶保温材料的设计与制备提供理论基础与科学依据。