面向能源转换与存储的新型氧化物纳米阵列的设计合成

Considering the exhausting fossil fuel resources and the increasing environmental consideration, the development of environmentally friendly, renewable energy resources and advanced energy storage technologies has attracted significant attention throughout the world. The nanostructure arrays of metal oxides have shown great potential in technologically important, energy conversion and storage fields including solar cells and lithium ion batteries. The fabrication of nanostructure arrays of metal oxides with rationally designed morphologies and architectures, which can exhibit superior performance of photoelectric conversion or lithium storage, may provide a feasible strategy to solve the current energy and environmental problems. This project will be focused on the rational design and controlled synthesis of a variety of metal oxide nanostructure arrays with novel morphologies and architectures, which is aimed at advanced photoanode materials for sensitized mesoscopic solar cells with enhanced photoelectric conversion performance and superior anode materials for lithium ion batteries with improved lithium storage performance. Various synthetic strategies based on solution chemistry will be used to realize the facile and effective synthesis of novel nanostructure arrays of metal oxides, such as porous nanowire arrays, unique nanosheet arrays, hierarchical structures consisting of nanowires and/or nanosheets, and composite nanostucture arrays made of a metal oxide and an accompanying substance. The obtained nanoarray structures will be employed to construct sensitized mesoscopic solar cells and lithium ion batteries, and the corresponding photoelectric conversion performance and lithium storage performance will be investigated in detail. It is expected that this research would lead to the realization of some unique nanoarrays of metal oxides with superior performance, and shed some new light on the relationship between the morphology/architecture of the nanostructure arrays and their performance in energy conversion and storage.

随着化石燃料的逐渐枯竭及环境问题的日益加剧，开发清洁环保的新型可再生能源和先进储能技术成为当前国际社会亟待解决的热点问题。氧化物纳米阵列结构在太阳能电池和锂离子电池这两个重要的能源转换与储存领域都展示了广阔的应用前景，设计合成具有特定形貌构造和优异光电转换性能或储锂性能的新型氧化物纳米阵列结构可望成为解决当前能源和环境问题的一个有效方案。本项目将以敏化太阳能电池光阳极材料和锂离子电池负极材料的性能优化为导向，设计若干结构新颖的氧化物纳米阵列结构（如多孔纳米线阵列和纳米片阵列、多级有序纳米阵列结构以及复合纳米阵列结构等），并充分利用各种简便易行的溶液化学制备手段来实现其可控合成。利用所制得的氧化物纳米阵列作为新型电极材料来构筑敏化太阳能电池和锂离子电池，深入研究其光电转换性能和储锂性能，获得一些具有优异性能的氧化物纳米阵列，并初步揭示纳米阵列的形貌和构造对相关性能的影响规律。

氧化物纳米阵列结构在能源转换与储存领域有着广阔的应用前景，设计合成具有特定形貌构造和优异光电转换性能或储锂性能的新型氧化物纳米阵列结构可望成为解决当前能源和环境问题的一个有效方案。本项目以光电转换材料和储锂材料的性能优化为导向，设计合成了若干结构新颖且性能优异的氧化物纳米阵列结构，并初步揭示了纳米阵列的形貌和构造对其性能的影响规律。主要取得了以下研究进展：(1) 设计合成了若干具有优异储锂性能的新型氧化物纳米阵列。利用水热生长与化学刻蚀相结合的方法合成了自支撑的α-Fe2O3介晶纳米棒阵列结构，它表现出优异的高倍率性能和循环稳定性；通过水热生长和原位转化制备了多级有序的三维结构泡沫铜@FeOx纳米阵列电极，它因较高的活性物质负载量而呈现出显著提高的面积比容量；通过溶剂热生长与电化学沉积相结合的方法制备得到三维结构的泡沫石墨@SnO2纳米棒@聚苯胺复合材料，它构成了一类具有优异高倍率性能的新型一体化电极。(2) 设计合成了若干具有优异光电化学分解水性能的新型氧化物纳米阵列。通过在锐钛矿型TiO2纳米碗阵列的内表面生长金红石型TiO2纳米棒阵列，制备得到结构新颖的异质结构TiO2纳米棒@纳米碗阵列，它呈现出优异的光电化学分解水性能；将CdS纳米棒直接生长于SnO2纳米碗内部形成了多级有序的CdS纳米棒@SnO2纳米碗阵列，它表现出了显著增强的光电化学产氢能力；还通过前体转化法制备了结构新颖且具有较高光电化学分解水性能的α-Fe2O3纳米片阵列。(3) 设计合成了可用于制备性能优异的敏化太阳能电池和光电探测器的新型纳米阵列结构。基于拓扑转化原理合成了具有(001)暴露面的锐钛矿TiO2介晶纳米片阵列，以其作为光阳极所构筑的染料敏化太阳能电池获得了高达8.9%的光电转化效率；利用胶体球刻蚀方法制备了大面积高质量的钙钛矿CH3NH3PbI3纳米网及纳米碗阵列，以该纳米网制备的光电探测器表现出了优异的光电性能。此外，在方解石单晶微透镜阵列的可控制备和金纳米箭头超晶体的可控组装等方面也取得了重要进展。