汉语方言影响劳动力流动的理论机制及实证识别--基于全国2835个县的研究

With the rapid development of urbanization in China, the social integration of migrants has become an urgent problem to be solved. China has vast territory and numerous dialects, which will generate inconvenience in language communication and conflict of cultural values during migration and social integration. Therefore, this project tries to examine the influence of Chinese dialects on labor migration and explore the mechanisms behind. Based on "conflict theory" and "complementary theory" in cultural diversity literature, this project analysis the theoretical mechanisms upon the framework of the binary decision-making model of labor migration. Using "Dictionary of Chinese Dialects" and "Language Atlas of China" this project has collected the data of Chinese dialects of 2835 counties. By matching with the micro-data on labor migration, this project firstly tests its influence empirically. Secondly, by matching with the micro-level novel database of migrant's job search, this project tests the mechanism the "complementary theory" implicated. Thirdly, by matching with the data of social integration and public service, this project tests the mechanism the "conflict theory" implicated. This project deeps into the perspective of culture to provide theoretical reference for social integration in the process of urbanization and policy suggestions for the "human-urbanization" of migrants. This project, from the perspective of labor migration, provides a useful exploration of the micro-mechanisms by which cultural diversity affects economic development.

伴随着我国城镇化的迅速发展，流动人口社会融合成为亟待解决的问题。中国疆域广阔，方言众多，语言沟通上的不便与文化观念上的冲突，给劳动力流动与融合带来障碍。基于此，本项目考察汉语方言对劳动力流动的影响与机制。基于文化多样性文献中的"冲突理论"和"互补理论"，本项目以劳动力流动二元决策模型为分析框架，考察汉语方言影响劳动力流动的理论机制。实证上，本项目基于《汉语方言大词典》与《中国语言地图集》，手工搜集整理了我国2835个县级层面汉语方言数据，首先，与劳动力流动微观数据相匹配，检验其影响；其次，与手工搜集整理完成的劳动力求职微观数据相匹配，检验互补机制；最后，与社会融合、公共服务等数据相匹配，检验冲突机制。本项目从文化这一更深层次的视角，为我国城镇化过程中社会融合问题提供理论参考，为推进流动人口市民化提供政策建议。本项目从劳动力流动这一微观视角，为文化多样性影响经济发展的微观机制提供有益探索。

本项目基于我国新型城镇化背景下劳动力流动、融合与就业问题，以方言为切入点，考察了非制度性因素的影响。主要研究内容包括五个方面：一、方言指标构建与典型事实描述，二、方言影响劳动力流动的理论模型，三、方言影响劳动力流动的实证检验与“互补机制”的识别，四、公共服务均等化视角下方言影响劳动力流动的“冲突机制”的识别，五、方言影响劳动力流动的异质性分析及政策建议。结果显示：地域方言差异对我国劳动力流动的影响中既包括冲突效应也包括互补效应。在冲突效应中，随着地域方言差异的增大，劳动力异地社会融入程度降低、信任感降低、互助减少、社会关系减弱；在互补效应中，随着迁移时所跨越方言距离的增大，劳动力在流入地的收入在增多、就业的职位与行业互补于本地劳动力。在这两种效应的叠加下，劳动力的迁移概率随着方言距离的增大先增加后减小。此外，本项目进一步从劳动力需求方的角度考察了产业政策的影响，结果显示产业政策可以引导企业对劳动力的需求进而影响劳动力配置。具体而言，给定人才供给，相比于非重点行业，重点行业企业有提供工作岗位的概率高出 4.4%、工资高出 6%；对本科以上学历及毕业于 985/211 高校的劳动力，重点与非重点行业雇佣概率的差距进一步提高到约 6%~9%、工资差距提高到 9%~14.6%；当专业对口时，雇佣概率差距提高到5%、工资差距12%。项目形成了方言数据库与劳动力迁移与融合数据库，均已向学界公开。项目成果为理解我国新型城镇化背景下劳动力流动与异地融合问题及其背后的非体制性因素提供研究基础，为我国如何利用政策来推动劳动力合理配置提供决策参考。