建筑环境儿童热舒适机理与评价模型研究

Most of the existing thermal comfort research are focusing on adults. If considering children, their physiological accommodation, ability of expression, activity intensity, and clothing style are significantly different from adults. However, thermal comfort for children have been seldom studied on in China. In foreign countries, although some related studies were conducted, there are disputes existing in the methodologies and important conclusions. The understanding of thermal comfort demand for children is still on the initial stage..In this project, thermal comfort studies focusing on children will be conducted, based on children’s physiological and psychological characteristics. Firstly, a subjective method for thermal comfort voting which is suitable for children will be established. Then, field studies and climate chamber studies will be conducted separately, in order to know about children’s thermal physiological identities and their relationships with thermal environment factors. Insulations of typical Children clothes will be tested and calculated. Besides, epidemiological survey will be applied in the project to analyze the relationship between children’s thermal experience and certain symptoms, and to further confirm the influence of thermal experience on children’s health. Based on all the above work, a model to predict thermal comfort for children will be finally established. Through a series of mechanism studies, we aim to found the system of theory for children thermal comfort, to confirm the evaluation methods, and to provide advices to designers and engineers on how to create suitable thermal environments within the constructions mainly for children.

现有的热舒适研究工作绝大部分是针对成年人的冷热需求开展的。儿童在生理调节机能、主观表达能力、活动强度、衣着方式等很多方面与成年人存在显著差异。目前我国对儿童热舒适的研究十分缺乏，而国外虽开展了相关研究，但在研究方法和重要结论上都存在矛盾和争议，对于儿童热舒适需求规律的认识还处于十分初步的阶段。.为此，本项目将基于儿童的生理和心理特点，开展儿童热舒适专门研究。首先，建立一种适用于儿童的主观冷热反馈方法，进而分别通过现场调查和人工气候室实验，研究儿童的热生理特点及其与热环境因素的关系，并对儿童典型衣着形式的服装热阻进行测量和计算。项目还将采用流行病学方法，分析儿童热经历与特定冷热相关病症的关系，探究不同热经历对热健康的影响。基于上述研究，最终建立儿童热舒适预测评价模型。通过开展一系列系统性、机理性的工作，力争形成儿童热舒适的理论体系，确定评价方法，进而为儿童建筑的室内热环境营造提供参考。

儿童时期是人生发展的关键时期，室内环境质量对于儿童的身心健康十分重要。热舒适是人对室内环境的最基本需求，自上世纪以来，热舒适研究在国内外蓬勃发展。然而，此前的绝大部分研究是针对成年人的冷热需求开展的。儿童在生理调节机能、主观表达能力、活动强度、衣着方式等很多方面与成年人存在显著差异。国内外针对儿童热舒适的研究十分缺乏，在已开展的少数研究中，对于研究方法和重要结论也都存在着矛盾和争议，在理论认识层面还处在非常初步的阶段。.为此，本项目基于儿童的生理、心理和行为特点，对儿童在建筑环境中的热舒适机理和冷热需求规律开展了系统性的科学研究。在项目执行期间，共进行了5方面的工作，包括：1）开展了大范围的儿童热舒适认知调研，了解成人在日常生活中对儿童冷热状况的判断方式与调节特点；2）综合运用语言表达、表情图片等方式，建立了一种适用于儿童的主观冷热反馈方法，并通过实验验证了其可靠性；3）在人工气候室开展了热舒适实验，对比了相同环境条件下儿童与成人的热反应差异，并评估了成人对儿童热反应进行主观推测的准确性；4）在幼儿园环境中开展了现场研究，积累了超过10000组数据样本，对儿童在不同季节的衣着特征、主客观热反应进行了比较；5）对儿童的皮肤温度、代谢率等热生理指标进行了专门的测量研究，并分析了其与成人的差异。.通过上述研究，建立了儿童热反应与热环境因素的关系，定量揭示了儿童与成人的热反应规律差异，并从热生理层面分析了原因。成果将有助于在理论层面加强热舒适领域中对于儿童热舒适机理的认识，同时在实践层面为儿童建筑室内热环境的设计和控制提供参考。