后条锈菌贵农22致病类群时期农家小麦抗条锈种质资源筛选及抗条锈基因标记和应用

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici (Pst), is one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat in southern Gansu province and China. Grown resistant wheat cultivars is the most effective, economic and environmentally friendly approach to controlling the disease. With the Pst new virulent types of Guinog 22 pathogenic group including G22-9 and G22-14 emergency, and accumulate since 2010, deduced most important wheat parents and their pedigrees including Guining 21, Guinong 22, Nannong 92R, Moro and Chuanmai 42, Lantian 17 lost their resistance in field. The resistant wheat varieties (lines) and sources were absent severitily in production and wheat breeding in Gansu province, and China at present time. Common wheat landrace is long-term selection of natural and manual, and had better adaptation, tolerance and resistance to poor natural environment, and also had better used in breeding than other wheat germplasm. In this study, collected about 2000 common wheat landraces from Gansu, Sichuan and Shanxi, Henan, Qinghai province, identificated their resistance to stripe rust at different location (five spots) of Gansu province in natural, which are hot spots to stripe rust in China, including Gangu county (Gangu testing station (altitude 1270m) and Jinshan seed farm (altitude 1920m)), Qinzhou district (Zhongliang testing station (altitude 1680m) and Wangchuan seed farm (altitude 1680m)), Lintao county (Lintao agricultural school (altitude 1880m)), and selected resistant common wheat landraces in field. By manual inoculation of Pst including G22-9, G22-14 and CYR33, CYR32 in seedling and adult stage to these resistant materials, evaluated their resistance. According to the mannul and natural results, screened and excavated about 50~80 common wheat landraces which resistant to Pst of new virulent types of Guinog 22 pathogenic group in breeding. According to our past studies, the results showed that six common wheat landraces including Damuzhi (dwarf), Baidatou, Zhuweicao and Xiaobaimang, Yandiaomang, Ailiduo had better resistance character to Pst of Guinog 22 pathogenic group in seeding stage and adult stage at Longnan region, Gansu province during 2012~2014 crop seasons. Based Flor’s gene to gene theory, and SSR technology, to postulation and detection resistant genes to these tested common wheat landraces in seedling stage. To identify and map 2~3 new resistant genes to Guinog 22 pathogenic group of Pst in these six wheat common landraces. Used as parents, hybridization with planting wheat cultivars which susceptible to stripe rust at Gangu testing station, and selected 80~100 resistant wheat lines in field. Detected the new gene exit or not in these resistant pedigree wheat lines. According to these studies, it would inrich the wheat gene pool, increase diversity level of wheat planting, enhance the efficiency of breeding, and provide theoretical basis to stripe rust in Longnan region, Gansu province, China.

小麦条锈病是我国小麦生产上的最主要病害，种植抗病品种是防治该病最经济有效且有利于环境保护的措施。近年来由于条锈菌新的贵农22致病类群不断出现和积累，造成重要抗源材料及生产品种贵农22、南农92R、Moro和川麦42、兰天17号田间抗条锈性丧失，生产及育种上抗条锈材料严重匮乏。农家小麦品种是长期自然和人工选择的产物，对不良环境具有较强的抗耐性，且较好利用。本项目拟收集约2000份农家小麦种质资源，在甘肃陇南进行抗条锈性鉴定，筛选出50~80份抗性优异材料；对包括大拇指（矮）、白大头、猪尾草及小白芒、餍掉芒、矮立多在内的抗性优异材料进行苗期抗条锈病基因推导分析和分子检测，分析其中所含抗性基因，标记出其中新的抗条锈基因2~3个；以猪尾草等为亲本，筛选出优异子代材料80~100个，并进行子代材料分子检测，确定是否含有该基因。从而为丰富陇南抗条锈基因库、提高品种遗传多样性水平和育种效能提供科技支撑。

小麦条锈病是发生于甘肃省小麦生产上的最主要病害之一，种植抗病品种是防治该病最经济有效且有利于环境保护的措施。2009年以来，由于以条锈菌CYR34为代表的贵农22致病类群的出现和积累，引致以兰天17号及贵农22、南农92R为代表的生产品种和抗源材料抗病性丧失，育种及生产上抗病材料严重匮乏。开展农家品种及其他种质资源材料中优异材料的筛选、抗病基因分析、挖掘和利用，对指导甘肃陇南抗病育种和抗病品种的合理布局具有重要的现实意义和理论指导意义。基于此，项目经4年研究，得到如下结果。. （1）优异材料评价、筛选与利用。在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所甘谷试验站和汪川良种场两地，通过自然诱发和接种诱发相结合鉴定法，先后从1029份农家品种及其他种质资源材料中，筛选出成株期抗性优异材料133份；通过人工接种鉴定法，从1738份甘肃省小麦品种（系）材料中筛选出具有全生育期抗性材料224份，苗期和成株期抗性材料572份和557份。. （2）抗病基因分析。采用基因推导分析法和分子检测技术，同时结合系谱分析，探明了42份甘肃省小麦品种（系）所含抗病基因；利用SSR分子检测技术，明确了230份农家品种所含抗条锈病基因及其分布；利用常规遗传分析，探明了农家品种白大头及其衍生系天00127苗期抗条锈基因数量及作用方式。. （3）抗病新基因标记。基于SSR技术，从农家品种阉掉尾和优异种质BJ399中标记出新的抗条锈病基因Yrydw和YrBJ399，并定位于7AL和2AS染色体上。. （4）开展了优异材料的应用。以筛选出的优异材料亲本，先后配置相关相关组合25个，筛选出抗条锈病性优异F2-F4代材料162个。. 这些工作的开展，为持续控制甘肃省及中国小麦条锈病的发生流行打下了良好的理论和实践基础。同时显著提升了团队科技人员科学素养，助力团队引领学科发展起到了积极推动作用。