制造业农民工的离职研究：基于多层面的嵌入模型和文化视角

The specific aim of our research study is to predict two types of turnover behaviors among Chinese migrant manufacturing workers. The study will examine cross-vocational turnover and cross-regional turnover behaviors using multiple-level embeddedness and two cultural perspective models. Our research design details longitudinal studies to differentiate four levels of embeddedness and two types of turnover behaviors. Firstly, a multiple-level embeddedness model will include job, career, city and family embeddedness dimensions and will be constructed and operationalized based on qualitative and quantitative study. Secondly, questionnaire surveys will be being conducted in two typical manufacturing regions. Our purpose is to investigate predictive validity of a four-level embeddedness model on cross-vocational and cross-regional turnover within one year period. Thirdly, based on traditional cultural orientation, we will examine how individual traditionality moderates the relationship between different-level embeddednss and cross-regional turnover as well as cross-generational differences. Fourthly, by assessing perspective of cultural norms, we will examine how peer influence moderates dynamic relationship between different-foci embeddedness and different turnover behaviors. This research project will improve validity of turnover predictive methodology and thus contribute to turnover and job embeddedness theories. In addition, a multiple-level embeddedness model with cultural moderators based on Chinese context, will also add to cross-cultural significance of the research project. This project has practical implications for management of manufacturing industry, will contribute to the stability of rural migrant workers’ employment, and will provide insight to facilitate the urbanization process.

本课题基于多层面的嵌入模型和两个文化视角对我国制造业农民工的跨职业离职和跨区域离职进行预测研究。首先，基于定性和定量研究，从工作、职业、城市社区和家庭四个层面构建制造业农民工的嵌入模型并操作化。其次，在两个典型制造业地区通过问卷调查，检验四层面的嵌入模型对一年后的跨职业离职和跨区域离职的预测效度。第三，基于传统性文化取向，考察个体传统性如何调节不同嵌入和不同离职行为的关系并检验代际差异。第四，基于文化规范的视角，通过对新入职农民工的4轮追踪调查，考察工作场所的同伴效应如何调节不同嵌入与不同离职行为之间的动态关系。本课题通过区分不同层面的嵌入预测元和离职行为并应用纵向设计，提升了离职研究的方法效度，对工作嵌入和离职理论有重要贡献；同时基于中国背景提出的多层面嵌入模型及对文化调节作用的考察，也将提升本研究的跨文化意义。本课题对促进制造业的管理、农民工的就业稳定性和城镇化进程有重要启示。

本课题基于多层面的嵌入模型和文化视角对我国制造业农民工的离职进行预测研究。首先，将农民工的嵌入区分为五个层面——打工地的社区嵌入、家乡的社区嵌入、打工地的职业嵌入、家乡的职业嵌入、打工地的组织嵌入；并建立了多层面的农民工的嵌入模型。通过来自珠三角和长三角的多个样本，验证了多层面的嵌入的区分效度。第二，区分农民工的离职类型，包括返乡离职、离职但留在打工地以及留任三种类型。通过离职预测研究，证明多层面的嵌入对一般离职的预测性，并进一步证明对返乡离职的不同预测效度。第三，证明团队自省作为强化同伴效应（促进团队同伴协作、提升团队成员之间的默契）的重要干预方法，不仅可以提升绩效和降低离职；还可以通过促进同伴支持，提升团队对工作的整体控制感，从而降低制造业团队的压力感。团队自省的干预手段在不同类型的制造业团队中被应用，包括电子制造企业、医疗设备制造企业等。第四，证明传统性价值观在农民工离职预测中的作用：一方面，传统性价值观让农民工有深深的乡土情结，让返乡离职成为他们离职的重要特征；另一方面，传统性价值观会调节多层嵌入与离职之间的关系，传统性价值观越强的农民工，越在意在不同环境下的嵌入，嵌入对离职的预测会更强。. 本课题建立了农民工的嵌入和离职理论，丰富了社交嵌入和离职研究理论及文献。用准实验方法验证了团队化对于制造业工人的激励以及离职影响，不仅证明了因果关系从而具有理论上的重要性，同时也开发了一个有效的团队激励工具。