海上风电的比较效益与布局模式研究

The actual occupation and impact of offshore wind power projects is large, which has a stereoscopic and fragmentation effect on sea space resources. The large-scale distribution of offshore wind power in the coastal waters will inevitably lead to more prominent contradiction between marine developments activities, which will challenge the rational allocation and sustainable utilization of marine resources in China. The research will be carried out from two aspects, which are to promote the rational allocation of sea resources in the use of sea industry, and to improve the utilization value of marine space resources. Through establishing the theoretical support system of sea area utilization comparative benefit evaluation, the concept, connotation and emphases of sea area utilization benefit evaluation are defined, and the evaluation index and model of sea utilization benefit are constructed, such as offshore wind power, port shipping, agriculture, coastal tourism and so on. Combined with offshore wind power generation developed by our country, a comprehensive evaluation system of comparative benefit of sea area utilization is established from the theoretical basis, scientific method and practical application to carry out systematic and quantitative evaluation and analysis of the benefits of sea use in the industry. Thus, a new way of thinking is provided for the rational allocation of marine space resources. From the point of optimizing the spatial pattern of marine resources, a quantitative study on the economy of spatial pattern is carried out in the light of typical offshore wind power models such as intertidal tidal flat, near shore shallow sea and deep water far shore in China. In order to improve the utilization value and efficiency of sea space resources.

海上风电项目实际占用和影响的海域面积大，对海域空间资源具有立体化和破碎化的影响。海上风电在开发程度高的近岸海域大规模布局，必将引发更突出的行业用海矛盾，对我国海域资源的合理配置和可持续利用提出挑战。课题从促进海域资源在用海行业间的合理配置，及提升海洋空间资源的利用价值两个角度开展研究。通过建立海域利用比较效益评价理论支持体系，明确海域利用效益评价概念、内涵与侧重点，构建海上风电、港口航运、海水养殖、滨海旅游等行业用海效益评价指标与模型，结合我国成片己开发的海上风力发电，进行系统定量的行业用海效益评价分析，从理论基础，到科学方法，再至实践应用建立了一套完整的海域利用比较效益评价体系，从而为合理配置海洋空间资源提供新思路。针对我国潮间带滩涂、近岸浅海、深水远岸等典型的海上风电模式，开展空间格局经济性的定量研究，优化海域资源空间利用格局，以切实提高海域空间资源的利用价值与利用效率。

“十三五”以来，我国海上风电得到快速发展，但相比海上风电已进入规模化阶段的英国、德国等欧洲国家，整体仍处于商业化发展初期阶段。在海上风电的建设热潮刚刚兴起时，开展风电与其他用海的效益对比、用海兼容性分析、空间适宜性评估等方面理论与方法研究，可以避免因盲目发展而造成海域空间资源不合理损失。本项目研究了海域利用比较效益评价的理论基础，明晰了海域利用比较效益的概念、内涵，构建了海域利用比较效益评价指标体系、评价方法。基于对海上风电用海特征、海上风电对其他行业用海的影响分析，开展了海上风电和其他用海的兼容性研究，明确了兼容性的内涵及量化计算方法。针对海上风电在快速发展中显示出规划布局的不合理的倾向，综合考虑经济成本、生态保护和其他行业用海等多种要素，开展了海洋风电场空间适宜性研究，构建了适宜性评价模型，该方法能够识别出高强度开发背景下适宜海上风电建设的空间，为近岸海域开发强度较高海域海上风电的规划选址提供一个可借鉴的分析思路，目前已在国土空间规划海上风电功能区选划中进行了应用。项目深入分析了国内外海上风电发展趋势，并根据相关研究提出了促进我国海上风力发电良性发展的政策建议。项目的相关研究成果可以为提高海域空间资源的利用价值与利用效率提供参考。