犁头霉属及近缘属的形态、生理和系统发育研究

The genus Absidia Tiegh. 1878 and allied genera rank the second largest group among the Mucorales, Zygomycota. They are diverse, ubiquitous, mostly saprophytic, sometimes causing zygomycoses. They play an important role in food brewing and biotransformation. Their Chinese resources has been primarily investigated, and need to be further carried out; menawhile, a worldwide monograph requires to be updated. It's more impending to solve the following scientific questions arising out of modern molecular systematics. Firstly, a controversial family attribution needs to be determined; Secondly, taxonomical treatments are necessary for the species in synonymous genera; Lastly, medically important infraspecific taxa are indispensible to be delimitated. Aiming at these requirements and scientific questions, this project plans to perform a polyphasic study on anamorphic and teleomorphic characeteristics, growth kinetics, sexual compatibility and multi-gene phylogeny, by isolating Chinese strains, collecting international cultures, referring to type or authentic materials, comparing with other taxa of Mucorales, and choosing Mortierellales as outgroup. This proposal intends to systematically and comprehensively solve aforementioned scientific questions, revise the classification system of Absidia and allied genera, reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships. The completeness of this program will result in a knowledge of Absidia resources in China, their biodiversity disclosure, a basic Absidia resources preservation, and an available affiliation framework for the control of harmful Absidia species and the exploitation of useful ones。

犁头霉属（Absidia）及其近缘属是毛霉目（Mucorales，Zygomycota）中第二大类群，多样性丰富，世界广布，多数腐生，少数引起接合菌病，食品酿造和生物转化上发挥重要作用。我国犁头霉资源需深入调查，世界专著需更新，分子系统发育学给形态分类系统带来了巨大冲击，在不同分类等级上存在诸多亟待解决的科学问题：a）有争议的科级归类需厘清；b）异名属物种需清理；c）医学重要的种下分类群需界定。本项目拟分离国内菌种，收集国际菌种，参考模式权威菌种，参比毛霉目其它类群，以被孢霉目为外群，开展有性型和无性型形态学、生长动力学、性亲和配合、多基因分子系统发育学等多相研究。本项目将系统解决犁头霉属及其近缘属的以上科学问题，修订其分类系统，重建其系统发育关系。项目的完成，有助于摸清我国犁头霉生物资源家底，了解其生物多样性，储备基本的菌种资源，为其有害菌的控制以及有益菌的利用提供可参考的亲缘关系框架。

犁头霉属（Absidia）及其近缘属是毛霉目中第二大类群，多样性丰富，世界广布，多数腐生，少数引起接合菌病，在食品酿造和生物转化上发挥重要作用。我国犁头霉资源需深入调查，其形态分类系统急需更新，其分子系统发育历史有待重建。本项目参考国际菌种，对我国犁头霉属（Absidia）及其近缘属的菌种资源、生物学特性、形态分类、分子系统发育和生物多样性开展研究。通过以上综合性的研究，取消了伞房横梗霉（Lichtheimia corymbifera）和分枝横梗霉（Lichtheimia ramosa）的所有种下分类单元，描述了6个新物种（卵孢犁头霉Absidia ovalispora、球孢犁头霉Absidia globospora、肿胀犁头霉Absidia turgida、轮纹犁头霉Absidia zonata、脊状犁头霉Absidia medulla和球孢横梗霉Lichtheimia globospora），更新了分类系统，使其更为接近自然，更能反应系统发育关系。初步摸清了我国该类群真菌的资源现状，尤其是西藏自治区和大兴安岭地区的分布情况，对该类群真菌的开发利用具有指导作用。初步了解到该类群真菌产生大量的多不饱和脂肪酸伽马亚麻酸（C18:3，GLA），是重要的产油真菌资源，值得应用于我国油脂的工业生产。初步解析了灰绿犁头霉（Absidia glauca）的内共生细菌的类群，有助于两者共生体的生物学功能的深入探索。初步明确了横梗霉属（Lichtheimia）在我国酒厂大曲微生物群落中处于重要位置，发挥着重要作用，这一发现可为我国白酒行业的产业升级提供科学基础。