低技视野下乡土营造的基质传承与调适性研究 ——以西南侗族区域为例

Vernacular construction system is a dynamic system with intrinsic relevance, and is also the cultural gene within the evolution of built environment and precious historical heritage. It has adaptive characters in relation to local environment and culture custom. Facing the dilemma of traditional construction system and the destruction of settlement environment along with the rapid process of urbanization, the major proposition on survival and cultural inheritance of built environment in our country becomes how to make adaptable development through the modernization of vernacular construction. The subject chooses Dong minority which is advanced in one of the main structures of Chinese ancient buildings called Chuandou. Based on the research of traditional construction crafts, we will first deeply analysis the associated factors in construction activities and the internal motivation of the evolution of construction system and then the important matrix and inheritance pattern that is still vital by means of architecture and anthropology research. Secondly, we will discuss the adaptive renovation technology for traditional construction system in the process of modernization through some quantitative research methods such as site test, software simulation and experiments combined with traditional construction crafts and low-tech strategies. Finally, we will verify the research result in the practical construction and systematically integrate it in order to form an open system that is suitable for self-service construction and explore a feasible way for the preservation and persistence of traditional vernacular settlements.

乡土营造体系与地域环境和文化风习之间具有密切的因应关系，是一个具有内在相关性的动态系统，也是建成环境演进的文化基因和珍贵历史遗产。面对当前快速城镇化过程中传统建造模式的困境和聚落环境的破坏，如何使乡土营造体系在现代化演进过程中得到适应性发展，是我国建成环境存续与文化传承的重大命题。课题选择穿斗木构发达的西南侗族地区，在对传统匠作体系进行研究的基础上，首先通过建筑学和人类学调查，深入分析建造活动的关联因素以及营造体系演变的内在动因，并探究在当下仍具生命力的重要基质及其传承模式。其次，通过现场测试、软件模拟、实验等量化研究手段，结合传统匠作工艺和低技术策略，探讨传统营造体系在现代化演进过程中的调适性更新技术。最后，采用在地建造的方式，对研究成果进行验证与系统性整合，形成适用于自助建造的开放式体系，为传统乡土聚落的保存与持续性演进探索一条可行的道路。

在当前乡土聚落快速城镇化过程中，传统建造体系面临现代建造的冲击和民族文化自我认知的矛盾。如何面对当前营造体系的断裂，回应地域条件、社会环境和物质基础的变迁，既是我国乡土建成环境保护的问题，又是传统民居可持续发展的要求。.本研究直面当今演变的社会背景，以建筑学、人类学、社会学、文化地理学等方法进行传统的建筑基质和传统营造体系研究，通过社会学的演变机制分析，结合物理环境的详细热工环境数据与居民对舒适度的评价，对侗寨乡土营造体系适应性发展模式进行研究，提出“介入式设计”的适应性设计策略，并进行实验性项目实体建造。.研究共公开发表期刊论文10篇，培养硕士6位，博士2位，完成应用实践7项。基本完成对传统营造体系和建造基质的研究，提供了一种在低技术环境下可操作的模式，能够适用于居民的自助式建造模式的设计实践，使趋于断裂的建造体系自我弥合与发展，从而为唤起对民族文化的自我认知、为传统乡土聚落的存续与演进做出贡献。