陇东水窖水质和微生物多样性与人群疾病发生的相关性研究

Gansu province is a more serious province of endemic disease. Longdong area is the main area of Gansu where the Kaschin-Beck disease, Keshan disease, fluoride poisoning and arsenic poisoning of drinking water type often happens, and where the diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis, Brucella's bacteria disease, and intestinal parasites disease also often has popular. The main endemic of Longdong is the disease of drinking water caused. The rural drinking water of Longdong almost comes from the collecting rain cellars, so improving the water quality and controlling microbial pollution of cellars is urgent. However, there are no reports about the water quality and small ecological microbial community composition and pathogenic microorganisms of cellars in the high endemic area. Thence, it is essential that the water quality and microbial community change pattern and pathogenic microorganisms of cellars are detected in Longdong area in the process of eliminating endemic and reducing infectious diseases. The correlation between the people disease and water quality will be clear if the elements composition and microbial community change pattern of cellar are clear according to the date of local endemic and infectious diseases. This correlation will not only provide theoretical basis for the local compatibility of salt, but also provide the reference pursuant for the building and disinfection of cellars. It should eliminate endemic and reduce infectious diseases。

甘肃是全国地方病发病较重的省份，陇东又是我省大骨节病、克山病、饮水型氟中毒和砷中毒的重病区，而且腹泻、痢疾、肝炎、布鲁氏菌病、肠道寄生虫病也时有流行，因饮水引起的疾病是陇东农民的主要地方病，陇东农村饮水主要来自集雨水窖，因而改善陇东水窖水质和控制微生物污染刻不容缓，但鲜见地方病高发区水窖水质、小生态环境中的微生物群落和病原微生物组成的报道。因此，结合当地地方病和传染病，开展地方病和传染病高发区水窖水质、水窖微生物群落和水窖病原微生物全面研究是消灭地方病和减少水原性传染病发生的必经之路，只要弄清水窖水质的元素组成、水中微生物群落变化规律，方可理清水窖水质与疾病发生的相关性，为将来食盐的地方性配伍提供理论依据，也为水窖的修建和窖水的消毒提供参考依据，以消灭地方病和减少水原性疾病的发生。

本项目以陇东地区窖水水质、微生物多样性和水窖病原微生物为研究对象，评价了窖水的人体健康风险，为防治水源型地方病和传染病提供理论依据。.从陇东水源性地方病和流行病高发县采集样品，利用原子吸收测定窖水中的Pb、Hg、Cd、Fe、Ca、Mn、Mg、Cr、Cu、Mo、Co等元素含量；并测定了窖水pH值、电导率、总氮、总硝酸盐、总硫酸盐、总磷酸盐、氟化物、砷化物、硒含量、窖水中耗氧量、腐殖酸等。检测结果如下: .1.致癌物：砷化物、镉和铬是引发癌症的主要物质，三种致癌物的 HI接近于10，属于偏高中度致癌风险饮用水，砷的HQ在三种致癌物中最高（HQ 介于5.6-7.7之间），属于中度风险致癌物；镉属于低风险致癌物（HQ 介于2.2-3.2之间）；铬的HQ小于1，属于无风险致癌物，然而铬的致癌风险指数Risk极高。.2.金属非致癌毒物：窖水中金属非致癌毒物的HI 大约为8，钼的HQ接近于5，属于中度风险的毒物，铅的HQ 接近于2，也偏高，其余金属的HQ 均低于1，属于无风险金属；铁、锰、钼和铅元素浓度几乎全部超标，窖水的硬度低于国家标准，属于典型的软水。.3.非金属非致癌毒物：窖水中氟化物、汞化物和硒化物的HQ均小于1，属于无风险的毒物，但是汞化物和硒化物的浓度几乎全部超标。.4.水质常量参数：窖水中硝酸根离子全部超过国际标准；约有80%的窖水浊度超标，耗氧量超标也非常明显。.5. 微生物多样性和致病微生物：通过高通量测序，发现变形菌门的细菌丰度最高，拟杆菌次之，部分样品中放线菌门丰度也较高。细菌的群落结构中，假单胞菌属最丰富，黄杆菌属次之，节杆菌、反硝化细菌、草螺菌、丛毛单胞菌、紫色杆菌等属的细菌的丰度也挺高。其中可能存在病原菌，如Clostridium，Pseudomonas，Serratia，Streptococcus，Legionella，Enterobacter，Enterococcus，Chryseobacterium等属的细菌，经过菌种的分类鉴定亦有Neisseria，Enterobacter，Acinetobacter woffii，Chryseobacterium anthropi和Streptococcus等细菌的存在，甚至有Rickettsia。..总之，该地区致癌物和非致癌毒物超标严重，而且窖水中存在一定数量和种类的致病微生物，所以这种水不宜饮用。