基于双边匹配理论的企业区位配置模型与区位市场设计

Location decision of the firm is the core issues of modern location theories. The classic models of location decision try to regard "location" as only space of economic activities, and regard location decision as the processes of a certain firm to choose a block of land or several firms to choose several blocks of land under a certain market structure, thus these models essentially can be classified into a type of problems which are called "single sided market match" between the firms according to the theories of 2012 Nobel prize in economics winners Shapley and Roth. This research will regard "location" as a kind of market players who have stable preferences and present the benefit of the certain interest group, thus location decision models will be regarded as the "two sided market match" problems between "firm" and "location" according to Shapley and Roth. We will introduce Shapley and Roth's stable match theories and market design methodologies to build two sided market match based location-allocation models of the firm, and try to explore the new approach to design the market of "location" or "space". Especially we will take case study on the location choice problems of manufacture firms and industrial land market design in China. We try to develop a prototype software to support the application, capture, match and transaction of industrial land, and put forward a set of institutions of the industrial land transaction and management so that we can promote local industrial cluster management, coordinate the relationship of the industries between the different regions, decrease the over production capacities and increase the efficiency of industrial land.

企业区位选择模型是区位理论的核心。经典企业区位选择模型将"区位"视为经济活动的空间载体，将区位选择视为单个厂商或者某种市场结构下多个市场参与者的土地利用决策，本质上是一定空间载体上企业之间的单边市场匹配问题。本研究将"区位"视为一定空间载体上具有某种偏好的利益主体或市场主体，将企业区位选择视为"企业"与"区位"之间的双边市场匹配问题，从而引入2012年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者Shapley和Roth的稳定匹配理论和市场设计方法，尝试建立基于双边匹配理论的企业区位配置模型，探索"区位"和"地理空间"要素的市场机制设计方法，并以我国工业企业选址和工业用地市场设计为例，开发研制中国工业用地申请、获取、匹配与交易计算机原型系统，提出包括中央和地方两级的、覆盖全国的工业用地交易机制与管理体制，试图为加强地方产业集群管理、促进地区之间产业协调，为从根本上解决重复建设、工业用地粗放低效等问题提出新的途径。

企业区位选择模型是区位理论的核心，经典企业区位选择模型将区位选择视为一定空间载体上企业的单边市场匹配问题。本研究将Shapley 和 Roth 的稳定匹配理论和市场设计方法引入到企业区位选择中，建立企业区位配置模型，并以我国工业企业选址和工业用地市场设计为例，开发研制了中国工业用地申请、获取、匹配与交易计算机原型系统，提出了中国工业用地市场设计的政策建议。并形成了1份研究报告、2套空间数据库、1套软件著作权、1个发明专利、2本出版专著和25篇学术期刊论文。主要成果包括：1）建立了基于双边匹配理论的企业区位偏好评价模型、地区招商偏好评价模型和企业——区位双边匹配模型，以及中国工业企业地理数据库和工业用地数据库。2）探究了中国工业用地市场特征，发现中国工业用地配置是“政企博弈”，而非“企业选址”，工业用地出让格局不均衡，工业企业具有更强的区位流动性，中国工业用地市场是一个典型的双边匹配市场。3）设计了企业——区位双边匹配的WYS算法，它具有非单边占优、最低保障、总体效用较高及匹配结果稳定等特点。并搭建了“企业与园区双边匹配系统”的云服务平台，设计了信息上传与信息披露、填写匹配要求、确认候选名单、线下沟通谈判、确认偏好序、管理机构调整优先级及运行匹配算法等7个匹配流程。4）模拟并证实了双边匹配算法在京津冀产业区际转移和多地区引资竞争中的有效性。建议将工业用地出让由分散化决策的价格机制逐步改变为集中清算的双边匹配机制，通过构建Web服务平台，合理设定匹配频次，建立专门机构，由点到面，逐步推进，并适当控制工业用地供给总量，降低区域壁垒，推进区域工业用地市场一体化。