多尺度橡胶林-天然林镶嵌景观结构下的鸟类多样性保护

The forest of Xishuangbanna area harbours high biodiversity. But the development of rubber plantation in low elevation has lead to decrease and fragmentation of natural forest, and threatened the sustainability of local bird diversity. This project is designed to evaluate bird diversity on multi landscape scale in Nabanhe National Nature Reserve. The bird will be surveyed on a landscape based protocol, both within rubber plantation and natural forest; the spatial structure of habitat will be measured on plot level in the field, the composition and configuration matrix of habitat will be measured on landscape scale, with aid of remote sense image and GIS software. Then the relationship between bird diversity, functional groups and habitat characters on multi-scale will be explored by using Generalized Linear Mix Model. We expect to get the following result:1) the main environment factors affect bird diversity; 2) the reaction of different bird functional groups to environment change, which functional groups are the most sensitive ones;3) build a “rubber-natural forest” mosaic landscape model, the beneficial of the model will be indicated by bird diversity. Considering the continue loss and fragmentation of local forest, our result can be used to: A) provide comments on the improvement of established rubber plantation, and give suggestions on the configuration of new establishing one; B) Make conservation plan based on the habitat requirement of some environment changing sensitive birds; alleviate the negtive impact of rubber plantation on bird diversity.

西双版纳拥有较高的鸟类多样性。近几十年来橡胶种植业的大量发展导致该区热带森林不断丧失和破碎化，威胁到该地丰富的鸟类资源的可持续发展。本项目拟在纳板河自然保护区探讨天然林-橡胶林镶嵌景观对鸟类多样性的影响。通过调查不同景观尺度上的鸟类多样性及其组成，和野外森林样地成分，并结合GIS技术分析各景观尺度上的栖息地特征等内容。有望得到：1）影响鸟类多样性及组成的主要环境因子；2）不同生态功能类群的鸟类对环境变化的响应，哪些类群对环境变化更为敏感；3）分析橡胶产业发展与以鸟类为代表的生物多样“共存”的最佳“橡胶林-天然林”景观模式。 因该地森林当前仍面临不断丧失或破碎化的困境，该研究结果可用于：A）为西双版纳或者热带亚洲其它情况类似区域的已有橡胶林升级改造或新橡胶林的布局规划提供指导意见；B）根据一些对环境变化敏感鸟类的生境需求，制定有针对性的保护规划，减轻橡胶产业发展对鸟类保护的负面影响。

西双版纳位于生物多样性热点地区，但是橡胶林的大面积扩张给当地的生物多样性带来了很大影响，当地的物种不得不在橡胶林-天然林的镶嵌景观中存活。在这样的场景下，一些物种可以通过适应小范围内的环境变化在橡胶林内生存，另外一些物种则只能在大的景观范围内寻找天然林维持种群。本研究以鸟类为研究对象，探讨它们如何适应橡胶林内样方尺度上的变化，以及如何对景观尺度上的天然林格局产生响应。研究结果表明，通过增加橡胶树之间的距离、保留年龄较大的树木等措施，可以有限的提高一部分橡胶林内的鸟类多样性；但是在景观尺度上保留大面积的天然林才是最关键的措施，当研究区域（约80 公顷）内的天然林面积由25%增加到75%时，鸟类的多样性可以翻倍。其中，食果鸟类和食虫鸟类对天然林的面积变化最为敏感。我们的研究重申了大面积天然林保护的重要意义，并为建设环境友好型的橡胶园提供了思路，为提高橡胶林内的鸟类多样性提出了建议。