乡村重构背景下三峡库区农户生计转型的耕地利用响应机制研究

The transformation of household livelihoods has developed rapidly, and the utilization of cultivated land has undergone significant changes, under the background of accelerating the interactive restructuring of rural development factors. Peasant households are independent economic decision-making units in rural areas. Peasant household’ decision-making based on individual welfare will lead to the paradox between individual rational strategy and collective irrational outcome that the problem of abandoning arable land and unmanful possession of cultivated land. This study based on the dynamic and continuous process of livelihood transformation, identified the change characteristics of cultivated land use response in different stages of livelihood transformation and development from the micro-scale of peasant households, and takes the typical villages in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. From the perspective of external and internal factors, and considering the individual attitudes of farmers and the multi-functional awareness of cultivated land of internal factors, identify the key influencing factors of cultivated land utilization response of different livelihood transition farmers. We construct the process model of the key influencing factors the response of cultivated land utilization change, and makes multi-path hypothesis on the decision-making of cultivated land utilization change, clarifies the response mechanism of farmer's cultivated land utilization, and reveals its common law. We should try our best to fully understand the response process of cultivated land utilization in the process of household livelihoods transformation. In order to promote the rational use of cultivated land and the sustainable development of household livelihoods in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, enrich the empirical research on the transformation of farmers' livelihoods and the change of cultivated land utilization in special areas, and improve the theoretical system of sustainable development of household livelihoods.

在乡村发展要素加速交互重组的乡村重构背景下，农户生计转型发展迅速，耕地利用发生了显著变化。农户作为乡村独立的经济决策单元，基于个人福利决策，会导致个人理性策略与集体非理性结局的悖论，出现耕地撂荒、乱占耕地等问题。项目以三峡库区生计转型典型村落为研究对象，从微观农户尺度，基于生计转型的动态连续过程，明确不同生计转型农户不同生计转型发展阶段的耕地利用响应变化特征。从外源因素和内源因素两方面切入，并考虑农户个人态度和对耕地多功能认知等内源因素，识别不同生计转型农户耕地利用响应的关键影响因素。构建耕地利用响应变化关键影响因素作用过程模型，并对耕地利用变化决策进行多路径假设，阐明农户耕地利用响应机制，揭示其共性规律。力求全面认识农户生计转型过程中的耕地利用响应过程。以期促进三峡库区耕地合理利用，农户生计可持续发展，丰富特殊地域农户生计转型、耕地利用变化的实证研究，完善农户生计可持续发展理论体系。

在城乡发展要素加速双向流动的乡村振兴背景下，乡村经济社会及生态条件变化迅速，农户生计转型与乡村转型加速发展。农户生计转型与乡村转型发展推动了乡村耕地、人口等生产要素的重组配置，乡村耕地利用转型加速发展。该项目首先从理论上，基于农户视角分析了农户生计转型与耕地利用转型的耦合作用关系，分别从城乡和乡村农户两个维度，解析了农户生计转型与耕地利用转型的相互作用关系。农户生计转型与耕地利用转型存在多尺度的地理空间耦合和关系耦合。城乡层面存在着“产业→人口→生计→耕地”驱动链条的农户生计转型与耕地利用转型耦合关系；乡村农户层面存在着“生计→生产→耕地”驱动链条的农户生计转型与耕地利用转型耦合关系。农户生计转型与耕地利用转型不同步，耕地利用转型在时间上存在一定滞后性，农业专业型农户生计发展主要推动了耕地利用集约化、耕地规模化经营，以及耕地利用的一体多职，拓展了耕地利用在生态产品供给、康养休闲、文化传承等方面的功能边界，提升了耕地多功能融合增益。以重庆为案例区，从农户尺度分析了不同生计农户耕地利用流转的主要特征、主要影响因素及其作用机制。农户耕地流转存在普遍的“零地租”现象。农户耕地流转“无租”“无协议”现象普遍存在，主要是农户自发的内部耕地转移。农户耕地流转的主要影响因素是土地价值下降、耕地的外部投资不足与农民对耕地流转政策的理解程度等。不同质量耕地流转利用方向存在差异，主要受农户总人口、非农家庭收入、户主年龄、受教育程度、耕地分割程度和土地质量等级的影响。农户耕地流转中，转入耕地的影响因素与转出耕地的影响因素存在较为明显的差异，丰富准确的耕地流转信息和便捷的信息获取渠道，有助于农户耕地的流转利用，促进三峡库区农户生计转型升级与耕地的合理高效利用。