堆肥法生产寡营养菌剂的工艺条件及菌剂的土壤微生态效应研究

Pure culture of the microbial agent cannot adapt to the soil environment. This study uses dilution medium (100-10000 fold) to isolate and screen oligotrophic bacteria, and obtain compound microbial agent. It is more effective to use a compost to produce oligotrophic bacterial agent. The municipal solid waste and food waste are resourceful treated, and the nutrients are supplied to oligotrophic bacterial agent. The effect of composting control parameters on the growth of oligotrophic bacteria will be discussed, especially the nutrition conditions, and through the optimization of conditions achieve steadily growth of oligotrophic bacteria. The effect of compost on the mineralization of soil organic matter and the mechanism of soil microorganisms response to input of organic carbon will be revealed. The stability of oligotrophic bacterial function and the effect of microbial agent on the soil microbial function transformation and community organization will also be revealed. The project provided a new direction for the enhancement of the level of soil organic matter, and the development of new function and the application of compost product. This study provided a theoretic base for the community organization and spatiotemporal patterns of soil microbial communities.

针对纯培养的菌剂不能适应土壤环境的问题，本研究采用稀释培养基培养法（100-10000倍）从土壤中筛选寡营养菌，复配获得微生物菌剂，利用生活垃圾和餐厨垃圾等废弃物的堆肥过程生产寡营养菌剂，在固体废弃物资源化处理的同时增殖目标微生物，研究堆肥条件控制参数尤其是营养条件对寡营养菌剂生长的影响，通过条件优化实现菌剂的稳定增殖；研究堆肥进入土壤后，对土壤有机质矿化作用的影响及土壤微生物对有机碳输入的响应机制，探明寡营养菌肥进入土壤后，对土壤微生物功能转变的影响，及外源寡营养菌的功能稳定性及其对土壤微生物群落构建的促进作用及其机理。本研究为堆肥产品快速提升土壤有机质水平，以及堆肥新功能开发和应用提供新的方向，为土壤微生物群落的构建和时空演变理论提供理论支持。

为了将微生物肥料的作用最大化，减少有机碳流失，提高微生物菌剂的适应性，本研究采用堆肥法生产寡营养好氧反硝化菌剂，削减土壤硝酸盐积累，提高土壤固碳效果。宏基因组学和宏蛋白质组学分析显示，好氧反硝化菌是化肥过量的贫瘠土壤中响应外源有机碳输入的关键微生物。通过稀释培养基法获得来了10株好氧反硝化菌并复配为菌剂，土培实验表明，多级碳源组合能够提高菌剂的反硝化作用效果。在堆肥过程中，碳排放率达到35%时接种，能够实现菌剂的稳定增殖，并且维持菌剂的功能。菌剂和堆肥同时进入土壤中，能够降低土壤中的硝酸盐含量，降低土壤pH，缓解盐碱化，提高土壤电导率，同时，能够减少有机肥中碳的流失，强化有机肥的固碳效果；微生物功能分析显示，土壤好氧反硝化群落丰度升高，半纤维素类碳源利用率增强，硝酸盐主要转化为氮气，二次污染小。项目资助发表中文核心2篇，并作为多个获奖项目的理论基础。