经济全球化下珠三角工人能动性的多样化与地方嵌入

Labour geography, which signs itself by conceptualizing workers as social actors with agency and examining how workers shape social spaces according to their own visions in the conditions of capitalism, has become a thriving sub-field of economic geography in its cultural turn. However, labour geography is facing the emerging limitation in terms of its lack of attention on unorganized/ununionized workers and the territorial conditions that disable or enable worker agency. Experiencing more than three decades’ marketization reform, China has seen the rise of labour-capital contradiction and the increase of workers’ actions against capital for protecting their rights and interests in recent years. Departing from the research gap and the emerging problem of labour-capital contradiction in current China, this research aims to explore the variegated landscapes of worker agency in the manufacturing sectors of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in south China, using the methods of questionnaire survey, indepth interview, participant observation and focus group interview. It seeks to 1) research worker agency that is practiced in individual and collective forms and that takes place in multi-level spatial scales (locality, community, workplace, household) and in both spheres of labour process and everyday life; and 2) explain how these practices are shaped by both the global production networks to which workers are linked and the institutional, economic and social relations in places where workers live and work. Based on labour geography theories and the empirical study, this program seeks to disclose the variegated landscapes of worker agency in the context of weak power of trade unions in China and explain how worker agency is conditioned by the territorial formation. Theoretically, this research echoes with the recently emerging call for developing a nuanced concept that captures the variegated nature of worker agency. Moreover, by constructing labour as social and geographical actors, this research adds a new perspective to the current domestic labour geography study in which labour is simply seen as a locational factor. Finally, this research is expected to provide both empirical and theoretical basis for seeking the policies concernning a more balanced capital-labour power relation and the inclusive development in China.

将工人视为能动的社会主体而非一种生产要素的劳工地理学已成为国际经济地理学文化转向的重要领域。针对当前中国劳资矛盾日益凸显的背景与国际劳工地理学在个体化工人的能动性和能动性形成条件方面的研究不足，项目以珠三角制造业工人为案例，使用问卷调查、深度访谈、焦点小组座谈、参与式观察等方法，致力于探索多样化的工人能动性理论，对工人在劳动过程（工场尺度）和日常生活领域（地方、社区、家庭尺度）所采取的包含个体和集体行动在内的各种应对资本的行为方式及其效应开展研究，并揭示这些行为如何在全球生产网络的影响下，嵌入珠三角地方特定的制度、经济和社会关系中。通过整合劳工地理理论与案例研究，力图阐明在工会作用较弱的背景下，中国工人应对资本的能动性构成与形成的地域条件。项目对国内地理学目前将劳动力视为一种生产要素的劳工研究形成理论视角的补充，为探索更加平衡的劳资权力关系与促进共享发展的有关政策提供一定的实证和理论依据。

将工人视为能动的社会主体的劳工地理学已成为经济地理学文化转向的重要领域。针对当前中国劳资矛盾的背景与劳工地理学对工人能动性多样化研究的不足，项目从中国工人的集体行动和个体化行动研究工人多样化能动性的表现和影响因素，为推动多样化能动性理论建设与促进工人社会升级提供理论和实证支持。重要研究结果包括：（1）提出了中国新工人空间生产的能动性机制由抗争性的生产与再生产政治、融合性的生活政治和创造性的身份政治构成;（2）揭示了中国工人集体行动的空间格局、能动性与触发因素，发现工人集体行动主要分布在工业化水平较高的东部沿海地区；伴随从东部到中西部的产业转移，中西部地区主要城市群也逐渐成为工人集体行动的集中区，反映了资本转移与劳动关系矛盾的相伴关系；工人集体能动性的类型包括底线型行动、维护型行动和增长型行动，以底线型行动为主导，不同区域、不同行业的行动类型构成存在差异；集体行动的触发因素是经济转型导致的工厂关闭、裁员、迁移、重组、经营不善等宏观经济环境与工人不断增长的权利意识和社会再生产需求。（3）揭示了工人个体化能动性的影响因素与地方嵌入性，发现工人寻求生产和再生产改善的能动性受到结构因素和个人因素的影响，前者包括经济不景气、工资低下、劳动环境差、晋升机会缺乏等，后者包括个体对自主性、灵活性、更高收入和工作-生活平衡的追求。然而，虽然个体工人有不屈服于劳动力商品化的能动性，但这种能动性存在从属于资本积累系统的局限性。（4）揭示了中国社会升级的影响因素及政府治理的作用，发现经济升级对社会升级具有直接的促进作用，而政府治理在经济升级促进社会升级的关系中起到中介作用，且这一作用在经济全球化下可以得到增强。项目揭示了工人能动性的多样化和嵌入性，对促进劳工地理学对工人能动性的理论化研究起到积极作用，对国内地理学将劳动力视为一种生产要素的劳动就业空间研究形成理论视角的扩展，为探索和谐劳动关系与促进社会升级提供了科学依据。