文化生态保护区保护规划技术研究与应用

With a long history of civilization and plentiful intangible cultural heritage, China has been elected to be one of the countries with the largest heritage projects by UNESCO. However, companied with rapid urbanization and industrialization process of China, intangible cultural heritage being impacted by modern lifestyles increasingly. At the same time, the natural and cultural environment, which is closely related to our living condition, has been changing rapidly now. Consequently, cultural ecological balance has been challenged in many areas in China: Firstly, many components of the intangible cultural heritage objects and places are in danger of extinction, which challenges the overall cultural and ecological protection; secondly, a large amount of Intangible Cultural Heritage of great value like traditional production techniques，customs, folk arts have already disappeared or are in danger of disappearing, which challenges lively lineage of civilization; At last, some of intangible cultural heritage are utilized in inappropriate way, which challenges the authenticity protection of intangible cultural heritage. Hence, in order to solve these problems, China established 18 National Cultural Ecological Conservation Area successively and become the first country that proposes the concept of National Cultural Ecological Conservation Area and put it into practice in the world. In this way, intangible cultural heritage can be preserved intensively, distinctively and intact in specific area. These actions also conform to the overall protection of intangible cultural heritage area trends and are important practical significance to promoting ecological civilization and sustainable development. Based on the above situation, our study focused on the following aspects: firstly, we carry out l technology research of protection pattern and zoning control, which is used for establishing a zoning control system of core reserves， cultural transmission area, cultural influence area and cultural transmission routine; secondly, we carry out the research of protection mode and measure technology, which is used for building a categorized protection system of emergency protection, community conservation, productive conservation and integral protection; thirdly, we carry out rational utilization technology research, which is used for setting up a intangible cultural heritage utilized system of traditional craftsmanship, traditional performing arts, traditional folklore activities; at last, we focus on the application of the protection planning technology in ethnic minority, remote and poor areas such as Qiandongnan Cultural Ecological Conservation Area, which sets up a integral protection system of Qiandongnan Cultural Ecological Conservation Area and realizes the national strategy of promoting the national unity and development of Qiandongnan.

非物质文化遗产日益受到现代生活方式冲击，赖以生存的自然人文环境迅速变化，我国不少地区文化生态平衡面临着严峻挑战，为修复受到冲击的文化生态系统，我国相继设立18个国家级文化生态保护区，是世界上首个提出文化生态保护区概念并付诸实践的国家，顺应了非物质文化遗产区域整体保护趋势，对促进生态文明和可持续发展有重要现实意义。本研究开展特色与价值评估技术研究，建立保护对象、保护内容和重点保护项目体系；开展保护格局和分区管控技术研究，建立核心保护区、文化传播区、文化影响区和文化传播线路的分区管控体系；开展保护方式与措施技术研究，建立抢救性保护、群体性保护、生产性保护、整体性保护的分类保护体系；开展合理利用技术研究，建立以传统手工技艺类、传统表演艺术类、传统民俗活动类为主的非物质文化遗产保护利用设施体系；保护规划技术应用于国家级黔东南民族文化生态保护实验区规划，践行黔东南民族团结进步繁荣发展示范区的国家战略

随着现代化进程的加快，非物质文化遗产赖以生存的物质环境发生了很大变化，大量的非物质文化遗产以惊人的速度变异甚至消亡。在这一局面下，我国有计划的选择一些文化遗产丰富、传统文化保持相对完整的特定区域，通过制定对这些特定区域的保护规划，来修复受到冲击的文化生态系统，营造有利于非遗生存、传承的文化生态和文化环境，促进非遗的可持续发展。文化生态保护区的设立和建设是我国在建立非物质文化遗产整体保护的新探索，相关的理论和有效的保护关键技术仍在不断实践和探索中。本研究在对国内外文化生态保护区相关实践理论进行回顾和评述的基础上，首先系统梳理区域内非遗资源，划分类别，根据其自身特质及其所处的环境，采用特菲尔法进行价值评估，对保护区内非物质文化遗产的类型、分布和发展脉络进行研究，找出鲜明的地域文化特色。其次采用空间分析法，根据文化传播，影响范围程度，划定文化核心区、文化传播路线、文化节点，并以此来确定非物质文化遗产的传承、传播和展示的重点区域。再者，根据不同阶段的工作目标，不同类型的非物质文化遗产项目特点，采用聚类分析方法构建保护方式选择技术，因地制宜，提出相应的切合实际的保护方式和传承措施，促进活态传承，丰富文化产业、文化旅游的内涵。最后，以国家级黔东南文化生态保护实验区实践项目为基础，理论与实证结合，把保护格局、方式与措施等关键技术研究运用于文化生态保护区的保护规划，指导保护规划的规划与建设。