江浙平原地区乡村聚落形态的量化解析与有机营建研究

The study chooses to focus on the Jiangsu and Zhejiang plain area, which has a significant impact and leading effect on the construction of rural settlements in our country, and aims at the problems that rural settlements gradually lack natural characteristics and turn into an inflexible space pattern with the rapid development and evolution .On the basis of figure and ground of the plan configuration, the study analyzes rural settlements into three elements at a overall pattern level, which are buildings, space and boundary, and abstracts away the graph of node network, public space patch and boundary separately. By the methods of programming based on parameterization, fractal geometry and landscape ecology, the study attempts to search for the group order, space structure level, and features of boundary shape as quantitative index of rural settlement configuration. By means of sampling and calculating on rural settlements in Jiangsu and Zhejiang plain area, a database is established. Different levels of data range are defined by statistics and analysis. Combining subtle differences between settlement buildings, place and paths in settlements space, and natural environment outside the settlement boundary all together, the study compares and analyzes settlements profoundly, explores its mechanism and extracts its pattern. On the basis of different development modes (preservation, expansion, renovation) of settlements, we can guide the optimizing construction strategy of configuration, which will provide technical support for the continuation and inheritance of organic characteristics, of rural settlement in this region, during the evolution process, as well as demonstrate certain effects in the construction of new countryside.

本研究选择对我国乡村聚落建设具有重要影响及引领作用的江浙平原地区为基点，针对快速发展与变迁中乡村聚落逐步演变为有机特质消退的机械式空间格局等问题，立足于平面形态的图底关系，将乡村聚落在整体格局层面解析为聚落建筑、聚落空间与聚落边界三个要素，分别抽象出节点网络图、公共空间图斑与边界图形，运用基于参数化的软件编程、分形几何学与景观生态学的相关方法，探究其建筑群体秩序、空间结构化程度与边界形状特性，作为乡村聚落平面形态的量化指数。通过对江浙平原地区乡村聚落的采样与计算建立数据库，经过统计与分析界定出不同等级的数据区间，分别结合聚落建筑的形态微差、聚落空间中的场所与路径、聚落边界外的自然环境进行比较与分析，探究其机制提炼其模式，基于聚落的不同发展方式（保护、增建、新建）导向形态优化的有机营建策略，为该地区乡村聚落的有机特质在演进过程中的延续与传承提供技术支持，并在新农村建设中产生一定的示范效应。

自然原生的乡村聚落形态肌理的有机性是美丽乡村聚落原风景的重要因素。在国家“乡村振兴”的发展战略导向下，乡村成为当下建设的热点。乡村聚落在获得快速发展的同时，形态也产生了变迁，有机特质逐步消退，蜕变为以效能为优先的简单化行列式布局。本研究以较具代表性与引领性的江浙地区乡村聚落为对象，展开聚落形态自然有机特质的量化解析研究。.理论研究部分，基于图底关系将乡村聚落平面形态解析为聚落建筑、聚落空间与聚落边界三个体系要素。聚落建筑部分采用Rhino编程求取建筑节点网络图，进而计算建筑之间的距离、角度与面积三个分项紊乱度指数，并加权为一个综合紊乱度指数。聚落空间部分先求取公共空间轴线，将公共空间按照独立的户域单元划分为一系列闭合图形，据此求取聚落公共空间的平均宽度与离散度，表征聚落的结构性强弱与变化程度。聚落边界部分采用Delaunay三角网“剥皮法”结合边界建筑两两之间的凸包求取聚落边界。.实证研究部分，在浙江和江苏分别选取50个聚落，共计100个聚落样本，分别按照上述理论方法与技术手段进行量化解析，建立数据库。对于聚落边界，通过长宽比与形状指数对聚落边界图形进行分类，并分析其与环境界体之间的影响关系。对聚落空间与建筑秩序两个要素的各项指数，经过统计与分析，分别界定出高、中、低三个数据区间；筛选出所有指数均位于中等数据区间因而兼顾了多方面平衡关系的13个典型聚落样本，汇总其各项指数的数据范围、均值与标准差。.根据以上成果，研究提出了聚落有机营建的三个策略。第一，尽可能保留部分自然环境界体以激发聚落形态在自然有机层面的塑造。第二，在聚落更新设计中，通过计算设计前后各项形态量化指数的数据差异来对设计成果进行评价与反馈，并提示修正方向。第三， 13个典型聚落样本的各项指数的数据，可以作为新建聚落相关设计指标的参考依据。据此为乡村聚落的有机特质在演进过程中的延续与传承提供技术支持。