基于生态经济学与污染物总量控制的流域水环境生态补偿研究

Abstract:This paper is based on the analysis of distribution of the total pollutants in water basin and on the relation between value of water resources in the eco-economic system and ecological compensation standard, pointing at the ecological compensation in basin water environment, as the pollutant holding capacity of the water in "three red lines" is set as the basic control point, an allocation model for total pollutants is built, which is restricted by accessibility of environmental target as well as pollutant reduction. Starting with various ecological economic flows (energy flow, currency flow, population flow and information flow) in the eco-economic system of basin water environment, the paper makes a quantitative analysis of structural and functional characteristics together with ecological and economical benefit in such system, and then build a model of eco-economic value about water resources based on unified dimensional units. Moreover, it puts forward the standard model of basin ecological compensation in accordance with the distribution of the total pollutants and the relation between value of water resources in the eco-economic system and ecological compensation standard. With an effect evaluating index system established, the paper discussed the evaluation method of the rationality of compensation effect in respect of socio-economic condition, ecological environment condition, environmental governance and resource consumption in environmental pollution. At last, it proposes theories and methods of ecological compensation in basin water environment on the basis of ecological economics and pollutant control. Those theories and methods may make a contribution to the theoretical base of ecological compensation in basins, expand research ways of this issue, thus it is of great theoretical value and practical significance in achieving sustainable use and management of Chinese water resources.

针对流域水环境生态补偿问题，在剖析流域污染物总量分配、流域生态经济系统水资源价值与生态补偿标准关系的基础上，以"三条红线"中水体纳污能力为控制基本点，以环境目标可达性及污染物减排为约束，构建污染物总量分配模型；以流域水资源生态经济系统中各种生态经济流（能物流、货币流、人口流和信息流）为出发点，定量分析系统的结构功能特征与生态经济效益，构建统一量纲单位的水资源生态经济能值价值模型；并根据污染物总量分配和水资源生态经济价值与生态补偿标准关系，构建流域生态补偿标准模型，从社会经济状况、生态环境状况、环境治理及环境污染资源消耗等方面，建立实施效果评价指标体系，研究补偿效果合理性评价方法。提出基于生态经济学与污染物总量控制的流域水环境生态补偿理论和方法，丰富流域生态补偿的理论基础，拓展流域生态补偿的研究途径，对我国实现流域水资源的可持续利用管理具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。

本项目以流域生态文明建设实施为背景，在“三条红线”控制条件下，流域生态补偿机制建设为目的，研究基于污染物总量分配与水资源生态经济价值的生态补偿标准关系，构建生态补偿标准模型及评价方法。研究主要结论如下：. 1. 以水质为主要要素，分析了流域上下游之间的社会经济用水行为和生态用水过程，明确了污染物的主要来源以及污染物运移关系，分析流域上下游污染物排放量与流域水体纳污能力之间的关系，明确了污染物总量、水资源价值两者与补偿标准之间的相互关系。. 2. 基于层次分析法建污染物总量分配指标体系，采用信息熵理论构建污染物总量分配（TPC）模型，确定针对不同分配对象的不同污染物综合削减指数，该指数反映了不同分配对象的污染物总量分配方案中的综合属性。. 3. 绘制水资源生态经济系统主要组分和相互关系及能量流、物质流、货币流等流向的水资源生态经济系统能量网络图，核算生态经济系统水资源能值价值。根据构建的污染物总量分配方案结合水资源能值价值模型，核算了流域生态补偿标准。. 4. 结合专家自然语言，采用云模型构建流域生态补偿的综合评估指标体系，采用混沌粒子群-投影寻踪模型将评估指标体系中的多指标转换为一个具有代表性的综合指数，评估生态补偿实施前后补偿效果。. 5. 以小洪河流域为实例，对上述模型和方法进行了实例研究。得到小洪河流域水资源生态经济价值及污染物总量分配方案，核算了小洪河流域2008-2012年生态补偿标准，并对流域内生态补偿政策实施前后效果进行了评价。