赌博游戏中near-miss 效应发生的认知神经机制及其病理研究

The near-miss effect refers to a phenomenon that, compared with full-misses and wining, near-misses elicit higher level of physiological arousal and gambling motivation, which led to gambling persistence. Despite converging studies have illustrated motivationally enhancing properties of near-misses, a comprehensive psychological explanation of how the near-miss effect operates is still debated. In addition, the neural mechanisms of this effect and its role played in pathological gambling addiction are still unclear. On the basis of previous research, using ERPs and fMRI, the present project aims to further systematically explore the cognitive mechanisms of this effect occurred in a like-slot machine task, as well as mechanisms of pathological gambling addiction. In order to achieve the objective, the present researches focus on the basic researches and pathological analysis from the two aspects of outcome valuation and pathological gambling addiction. Based on the constructed theoretical framework of cognitive mechanisms of the effect, we first explore that how the near-miss effect is modulated by some cognitive factors, such as counterfactual thinking, behavioral responsibility, behavior controllable sense and size of stake, as well as its electrophysiological mechanism by using ERPs; Then, we will study the neural basis of the motivation effect by using fMRI; Finally, from the pathological perspective, we will explore the pathological mechanism of of the effect in gambling addiction. It has important theoretical value for further understanding of the cognitive processes and neural mechanisms of dynamic outcome evaluation in decision-making process, and provides an important insight for the mechanism of pathological gambling addiction, as well as explores the ways of diagnosis and treatment for pathological gambling addiction in the daily life.

near-miss效应是指在赌博中，与一般的输钱和赢钱相比，“差点赢（near-miss）”的输钱会诱发个体更高的生理唤醒和赌博动机，从而导致个体持续赌钱的一种现象。尽管研究已发现near-miss效应是导致赌博成瘾的主要因素之一，但关于它发生的认知神经机制及其在病态赌博成瘾中的作用机制，至今仍不清楚。本项目拟采用ERP和fMRI技术，从动态结果评价和赌博成瘾角度系统地探讨了这种效应发生的认知神经机制以及在赌博成瘾中的病理机制。研究内容:（1）反事实思维、行为责任感、可控感和赌注大小等内外因素对near-miss效应的调控影响及其电生理机制；（2）near-miss效应的认知神经基础；（3）赌博成瘾中near-miss效应的病理机制。本项目对于进一步了解决策中动态结果评价的认知过程和神经机制具有重要的理论价值，对于理清病态赌博成瘾的发生机制和寻求赌博成瘾的诊治途径具有一定的临床实践意义。

near-miss效应是指在赌博游戏中，与一般的输钱和赢钱相比，“差点赢（near-miss）”的输钱会诱发个体更高的生理唤醒和赌博动机，从而导致个体持续赌钱的一种现象。这种效应在诱发个体产生持久赌博动机和行为中发挥着重要的作用，是赌博成瘾的主要诱因之一。最近几年，这种效应已成为国外赌博成瘾研究领域关注的一个热点，但关于它发生的认知神经机制及其在病态赌博成瘾中的作用机制，至今仍不清楚。本项目利用ERP和fMRI等技术，采用轮盘赌博实验范式，从结果评价和赌博成瘾角度系统地探讨了这种效应发生的认知神经机制以及在赌博成瘾中的病理机制。本项目研究首先利用ERP技术考察了反事实思维、情绪、行为责任感、可控感等内外因素在near-miss效应产生中的影响作用及其电生理机制，然后利用fMRI技术探讨了near-miss效应的认知神经基础，最后对比了赌博成瘾倾向组和正常控制组在结果评价中行为表现和ERP反应。研究结果表明：（1）near-miss loss结果诱发的反事实思维和情绪在个体持续赌博动机诱发中发挥着重要的作用，行为可控感和行为责任感能明显地调控near-miss效应；（2）ERP结果表明，P300对near-miss效应敏感，相比一般的输钱和赢钱，near-miss输钱诱发的P300波幅最小；（3）near-miss效应涉及到的脑区域主要包括扣带回、腹侧纹状体、豆状核、颞中回等；（4）与正常控制组相比，赌博成瘾倾向组的near-miss loss结果诱发的反事实思维和情绪更强烈，奖赏预期更大，持续赌博动机更强烈，同时诱发的P300也较小。本项目研究对于进一步探讨动态结果评价的认知过程和神经机制具有重要的理论价值，对于搞清病理性赌博成瘾的发生机制和探讨赌博成瘾的诊疗途径具有一定的实践意义。