低附带杀伤效应对生物目标杀伤机理研究

The low collateral damage ammunition is a new type of lethal weapon which is applicable to the urban environment under the world structure of nowadays, and the main targets of this kind of weapon are living objects. The power field of the low collateral damage ammunition, which consists of metal powder, blast wave, and hyperthermia, is quite different from that of traditional explosive weapons. As a result, the wounding mechanism of low collateral damage ammunition to living objects is dissimilar to that of traditional explosive weapons. However, the wounding mechanism and effects of low collateral damage ammunition on living objects are poorly documented up to now. In this investigation, the vulnerant models of metal powder, blast wave, and hyperthermia will be developed according to the characteristics of the power field. Based on the mechanical models of major organs, the dose-effect relationship between the power field of the low collateral damage ammunition and the wounding effects on the living objects can be derived from the biomechanical responses of the main organs to the damage element under various spatial-temporal conditions. In addition, the experiments will be conducted on animals which are to be vulnerated by single and composite damage element to determine the injury type and wound characteristics. Consequently, the evaluation methods and index for the low collateral damage effects on living objects can be developed. However, the finding of this investigation will contribute to the design and optimization of low collateral damage ammunition, providing injury evaluation method, and guiding the trauma therapy.

低附带毁伤弹药是一种适应当今世界格局下城区作战模式的新型杀伤武器，有生目标是其主要打击对象。这类弹药通过高速运动的金属粉末、冲击波和高温三种杀伤因素对生物目标进行毁伤，其威力场特性以及对生物目标的杀伤机理有别于传统爆炸性武器。但迄今对低附带弹药的生物杀伤机理、尤其是金属粉末对生物脏器组织的杀伤作用尚不清楚。本研究拟针对低附带弹药威力场的三种杀伤因素，通过威力场特点分析，建立低附带杀伤威力场模型；基于脏器力学模型研究主要脏器在低附带杀伤威力场不同时空条件下的生物力学响应特点，建立低附带威力场与等效生物目标杀伤效应之间的量效关系；通过单一杀伤因素和复合杀伤因素致伤动物试验，明确低附带效应对动物的损伤类型和伤情特点，提出等效生物目标杀伤评价指标，建立低附带弹药对等效生物目标杀伤效应的评估方法。从而为低附带弹药的优选设计提供依据，为低附带弹药生物杀伤效应评估提供方法，为创伤救治提供科学指导。

低附带弹药是一种适应当今世界格局下城区作战模式的新型精确杀伤武器，这类弹药主要通过高速运动的金属颗粒群和冲击波对生物目标进行毁伤。由于金属颗粒尺寸小、分布密集、速度衰减快，冲击波超压峰值低但持续时间长，其威力场特性以及对生物目标的杀伤效应和机理有别于传统爆炸性武器。为系统研究低附带毁伤元的生物致伤效应及机理，本研究针对传统静爆致伤方式装药量大、金属颗粒方向不可控、重复性欠佳、弹药成本高、难以满足大量系统的生物试验研究需要的局限，研制了适用于生物致伤及效应研究的低附带弹药毁伤元加载装置，完成了五种粒径（0.05mm，0.2mm，0.5mm，1.0mm，1.5mm） 钨球颗粒在两种装药/钨球颗粒质量比（1：1，2：1）条件比的发射，实现了爆轰驱动金属颗粒高速抛撒和冲击波加载，金属颗粒弹道参数、冲击波超压参数达到低附带弹药静爆威力。采用肥皂靶、肌肉靶、骨骼靶等等效靶标，通过试验和数值计算仿真，开展金属颗粒和冲击波加载的力学响应研究，明确了金属颗粒的弹道形状、侵彻深度、瞬时空腔融合和压力叠加效应等弹道学特点，获得了不同峰值超压加载下冲击波靶器官的压力数据，明确了金属颗粒和冲击波威力参数与生物目标主要脏器组织之间的量效关系。开展了金属颗粒和冲击波加载的生物效应评估试验，明确了损伤效应特点，提出了基于金属颗粒能量密度和超压冲量的低附带毁伤元评价指标，初步建立了低附带弹药生物毁伤评估方法。本项目研制的低附带毁伤元加载装置颗粒加载定向好，装药/金属颗粒质量比可调，能模拟多种毁伤威力参数，可重复使用，能够从装药/金属颗粒质量比、金属颗粒形状及尺寸等方面为低附带弹药的优选设计提供依据。另一方面，通过更加深入认识低附带弹药的生物毁伤效应及毁伤机理，为创伤救治提供科学指导。