不同人为热环境下城市景观格局气温调节功能的动态研究

Urban microclimate is closely correlated with the types and patterns of landscape in the urban environment. The fundamental goal of landscape planning is to create a living area that matches the local environment and meets the human needs. However, relatively less research is available to reveal the scale and intensity of the temperature regulation function of the green and blue landscape in different seasons. Moreover, the impact of landscape patterns on the temperature regulation function is not clear under the background of urban anthropogenic heat. This study aims to reveal the synergetic effect of cooling and heat effects in urban areas, and quantify the relative contribution of landscape patterns on the temperature regulation function. First, this study identifies the dynamic changes of urban anthropogenic heat inside the fifth ring-road of Beijing by using the large-scale municipal surveying and investigation data. Second, the land surface and air temperature are obtained from multi-temporal thermal infrared images and field monitoring data. The scale and intensity of temperature regulation are identified for the representative green and blue landscape by using the methods of landscape pattern and spatial analysis in different months. Third, the synergetic effect of cooling and heat effects is quantified under the background of unified anthropogenic heat environment. The dynamic changes of thermal environment are also investigated in different months. Last, according to the different scenarios of anthropogenic heat, we can quantify the relative contribution of landscape patterns on the temperature regulation function, such as the landscape type, area, configuration, and connectivity. A decision-making model should be developed by the weighted landscape indicators for urban planners to create more comfortable outdoor environment. This study could provide a more accurate explanation of the relationship between the landscape pattern and ecological function by analyzing the internal causes from landscape patterns and external causes from the anthropogenic heat. The results of this study can provide useful implications to reveal the interrelation among landscape patterns, ecological processes, and ecological functions. The results can also provide practical approaches to guide decisions in urban landscape design targeted to mitigate urban heat island effects, conserve energy, and reduce emissions.

城市景观对气温的调节功能是增温还是降温，及其产生条件和季节动态均是城市景观规划亟需解决的问题，而人为热环境和景观格局的协同作用尚不明确。本项目针对北京市五环区域，通过大比例尺基础地理数据和调查资料，评价不同城市功能区的人为热强度和动态变化；基于多时相热红外遥感影像和小气候监测数据，采用景观格局分析和空间分析技术，辨识典型绿地和水体景观气温调节功能的范围和强度；针对不同人为热环境，辨识绿地和水体景观的气温调节功能与人为热增温效应的相互作用范式，评价气温调节功能的产生条件和季节动态，揭示景观类型、面积、结构、连通性等格局特征对气温调节功能的贡献程度，构建基于热环境改善的城市景观优化模型。本项目通过对气温调节功能的内因（景观类型和格局）和外因（人为热强度和动态）分析，揭示景观格局和生态功能的关系，有助于准确理解"格局-过程-功能"的理论框架，为城市热环境优化和节能减排提供针对性的科学依据。

城市化的不断发展导致生态系统和人居环境发生了显著改变，城市景观格局和人为热过程的交互作用能够影响城市热环境效应，但是人为热产生条件和季节动态尚不明确，人为热环境和景观格局的协同作用缺乏深入研究。本项目针对北京市五环区域，开展了城市景观和热环境的反演与监测、城市功能区人为热强度及其时间动态、城市景观气温调节功能与人为热增温效应的作用范式等三个方面的研究。取得的重要成果包括：（1）基于野外监测数据分析了不同景观类型热通量的季节差异，夏季不同景观热通量差异明显，而冬季差异性不显著；（2）通过遥感监测分析了城市景观变化的热环境效应，绿地减少区域地表温度增加明显，而绿地增加区域降温效应不显著，这意味着生态系统服务评估不仅考虑景观面积，还需要量化景观格局和景观质量；（3）基于城市功能区构建了人为热分布式模型，该模型需要人口密度、交通密度、建筑密度和产业结构等空间数据，可以量化不同月份和区域的人为热强度；（4）揭示了城市景观格局对热环境的影响机理，景观组分、景观格局、以及人为热可以较好的模拟城市热岛效应季节规律，精度50%以上；（5）构建了气候背景和人类活动对于城市热环境动态的影响范式，水热组合增强热岛动态，而风速可以减缓热岛动态，城市能源使用以及车辆和人口密度则同样加强热岛效应的动态变化。本项目通过对气温调节功能的内因（景观类型和格局）和外因（人为热强度和动态）分析，揭示景观格局和生态功能的关系，有助于准确理解“格局-过程-功能”的理论框架，为城市热环境优化和节能减排提供了针对性的科学依据。基于以上研究，本项目公开发表学术论文17篇，其中SCI检索8篇，中文核心论文9篇。培养博士研究生2人，硕士研究生4人。