火灾烟气损伤要素与人体热质交互机理研究

Fire smoke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in fire victims, including the effects of thermal burn, chemical toxicity and particle deposition in the airway. The objective of this study is to evaluate the above injury factors of fire smoke on human body. Some mathematical models will be developed to study the heat and mass transfer between the exposed skin or airway, and the toxic gases or hot smoke particle. The distributions of the temperature fields, concentration fields of toxic gases inhaled by the respiratory tract and absorbed by the exposed skin, and particle deposition in the airway will be simulated, to describe the injury mechanism of human body exposed to fire smoke. In addition, those mathematical models will be combined with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and a 3D digital human body based on the body structure, respiratory tract and a human-clothing-environment model. The coupled simulations will be carried out to study the thermodynamic and dynamic process between the exposed body and fire smoke under different fire scenarios. A fire smoke laboratory will be designed and built with the thermal manikin and flame manikin as the main equipment, to verify and optimize the mathematical models and the coupled CFD methods. Finally, the synthetic analysis methodology of “exposure-dose-response” will be developed, to predict the adverse effects of fire smoke, assess the exposure criteria of human body and protective performance of clothing.

火灾烟气是导致人员伤亡的主要因素，主要包括热、毒性和颗粒阻滞等能量和物质作用。本项目针对火灾烟气危害要素对人体损伤的特点，分析热烟气与皮肤和呼吸系统的传热传质过程，通过求解人体温度场、有毒气体吸附吸入浓度场以及颗粒沉积浓度场等分布，系统研究烟气对人体的损伤机理，建立火灾烟气人体损伤模型。将人体损伤模型与三维人体数值模型和 CFD进行耦合计算，描述典型火灾烟气场景下火灾烟气与人体的热质交互规律。同时建立火灾烟气实验模拟环境，利用带有呼吸功能的暖体假人和暴露于火焰中的燃烧假人等仪器，验证并优化建立的人体损伤模型和CFD模拟仿真方法。最后通过验证优化的耦合模拟方法，建立火灾烟气多损伤因素的“暴露-剂量-响应”综合分析方法，用于评估人体损伤等级和个体防护装备防护性能。

火灾烟气是导致人员伤亡的主要因素，主要包括热、毒性和颗粒阻滞等能量和物质作用。本项目建立了基于医学影像技术的三维真实呼吸道模型库，为火灾烟气在人体呼吸道中输运规律和损伤机理研究提供基础模型库。建立了火灾烟气环境下皮肤-多层服装的热湿耦合传递模型和呼吸道热传递模型，系统研究火灾烟气的热损伤机理。建立了火灾烟气环境下人体呼吸道内烟气颗粒输运沉降模型，获得了烟气颗粒在呼吸道沉降分布规律。搭建火爆毒复合灾害环境模拟实验平台和人体呼吸系统实验平台，为精确预测火灾烟气损伤机理和评估损伤程度提供了流场输运规律的基础支撑。提出了火灾烟气对人体皮肤和呼吸道的损伤评估方法，研发了人体损伤与防护分析软件系统，分析了火灾烟气场景下热灼伤、吸入颗粒剂量和毒性颗粒致癌、非致癌的风险等级。通过预测火灾烟气环境下人体耐受极限和防护装备性能等相关指标，为救援人员评估火场危险等级提供指导，为抵御火灾、减少人员伤亡提供理论支撑，为开展个体防护装备研制提供科学依据。