城市建筑和交通基础设施物质时空代谢机制研究——以北京市为例

The rapid urbanization in China is unprecedented in terms of both speed and scale during the past three decades. China has been one of the most populous countries in the world with more than half of its population now living in cities. The high volume of construction activities for fulfilling people’s dwelling and transport demands in cities have resulted the increasing need for materials and energy and led to a number of environmental pollution in soil, water, and atmosphere. The aim of this study is to explore the material metabolism on multiple spatio-temporal scales and its mechanisms in construction, use, and demolition processes of urban buildings and transport infrastructures. A material spatio-temporal metabolism model integrating the bottom-up material flows analysis (MFA) and the geographic information system (GIS) will be developed to simulate material stocks and flows in Beijing’s buildings and transport infrastructures from 1980 to 2015. Simulated results are used to compile a comprehensive material inventory, quantify spatio-temporal patterns, and identify key drivers, processes, and nodes. This dynamic and spatially explicit material metabolism model can be further used to simulate the responses of material demands and allocations under several urban development and management scenarios and find the optimal solution. Our results could support urban mining assessment and cycle economy, help understanding of material metabolism and mechanisms, and should be useful for designing effective policies for city management and sustainability.

中国近三十年的快速城市化进程使得半数以上人口居住在城市中。为了满足城市居民的居住、出行等需求，修建了大量的建筑和交通基础设施，导致了对物质和能源需求的增长并引发了大气、水、土壤污染等诸多环境问题。本研究以北京为例，探究城市建筑和交通基础设施在建设、使用至废弃过程中物质的时空代谢机制。通过结合物质流分析和地理信息系统等方法，建立物质时空代谢模型，模拟1980-2015年北京市建筑和交通基础设施及其关键构筑物质的代谢过程，编制高分辨率物质存/流量综合清单，揭示其时空格局和驱动机制，辨识主要驱动因子、关键过程与节点。最终依据城市发展与政策管理情景，模拟城市对物质需求和分配的时空响应，提出城市优化实践策略与措施。研究结果可为城市矿产评估、循环经济发展提供数据支撑，为深入认识城市代谢规律提供科学依据，为制定有效的城市管理和可持续发展策略提供有力支持。

城市化引发了大量物质材料的生产、使用和废弃，导致了资源结构性短缺、环境持续恶化等诸多问题。本研究通过结合物质流分析和地理信息系统，构建城市建筑物质代谢模拟模型并通过该模型：（1）在城市尺度揭示建筑在建设、使用至废弃过程中物质代谢时空格局和驱动机制，评价了城市代谢的“副产物”——固废的产排特征及其环境影响；（2）在城市群尺度刻画了物质存量与社会经济指标之间的关系，分析了资源使用的区域差异性，为资源的可持续利用提供了数据支撑；（3）在全国尺度揭示了我国近三十年来城市扩张从水平扩张转向垂直增长的转变，阐释了其背后的物质积累与依赖，并指出物质存量能够更好地将城市与其居民的“福祉”水平联系到一起从而为城市规划及政策制定提供更加清晰的目标和指引。项目构建了城市建筑物质代谢模型1套，申请了软件著作权1项；发表了学术论文11篇，其中在本研究领域主流期刊上发表SCI检索论文7篇、具有国际影响力的国内科技期刊论文1篇、中文核心期刊论文2篇；培养了研究生2名，项目负责人凭借该项目得以顺利晋升副研究员职称。