大城市交通设施条件、居民通勤模式与身心健康之间的影响机制研究——以西安市为例

The national government in China has highlighted the critical importance of public health issues by explicitly proposing the strategy of healthy China in the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development. Increasingly, many Chinese cities face the challenge of jobs-housing mismatch, car dependence, and long commuting among residents. Sedentary behavior and lack of physical activity have become the new “normal” for people’s work and family lives. These trends are detrimental to people’s physical and mental health. Yet, theoretical and empirical research on the connections between transportation infrastructure, commute mode, and individual physical and mental health has been limited and fragmented. This study offers a direct response to the knowledge gap by proposing a theoretical framework in which commuter mode serves as an important mediator of the physical and mental health effects of transportation infrastructure. By using U-Index to represent mental health status and BMI to represent physical health status, this research examines the direct effects, the indirect effects mediated by commute mode, and the total effects of transportation infrastructure on physical and mental health. This theoretical framework will augment the existing theories on health impacts of transportation infrastructure. Methodology-wise, this study will utilize both targeted recruitment and random sampling strategies to obtain a representative sample of 300 residents in the city of Xi’an. Using an innovative smartphone app developed by the University of Minnesota and the traditional survey technique, the study will collect a week of episode-level travel behavior and emotional experience data as well as personal social-demographic attributes and physical health data. Rigorous regression models and path analysis will be used to analyze the data and derive empirical evidence. In light of the national healthy China initiative, the proposed theoretical framework combined with the associated empirical evidence will help to make policy recommendations for urban planning and design agencies, transportation policy makers, and real estate developers and investors who are interested in maximizing the health benefits of urban transportation infrastructure.

我国十三五规划提出健康中国战略，表明国家对健康的重视。目前，职住分离带来的通勤距离拉长成为很多大城市的主要特征，小汽车通勤日益普遍化，久坐不动成为很多居民工作、生活的常态，这些都对其健康产生了不利影响，而我国学术界对交通、通勤与健康相互关系的研究较少，缺乏基本理论与方法。本课题将构建一个以通勤模式作为中间变量的理论框架来研究城市交通设施条件对居民健康（身体健康和心理健康，以BMI、U-Index等指标衡量）的直接、间接和总效应，从而补充城乡规划理论体系。并以招募志愿者和街头随机抽样方式，以美国明尼苏达大学开发的智能手机软件和问卷调查获取300名西安市民一周实时出行、相应心理状态、基本社会经济属性和身体健康数据，结合回归分析、路径分析来进行系统严谨的实证研究。在健康中国的理念下，从理论和实证的角度为规划设计部门、政策制定者、开发商、投资者提供相应的规划、设计和建设城市交通设施系统的政策建议。

我国十三五规划提出健康中国战略，表明国家对健康的重视。目前，职住分离带来的通勤距离拉长成为很多大城市的主要特征，小汽车通勤日益普遍化，久坐不动成为很多居民工作、生活的常态，这些都对其健康产生了不利影响，而我国学术界对交通、通勤与健康相互关系的研究较少，缺乏基本理论与方法。本研究以招募志愿者的方式，通过定额抽样，以美国明尼苏达大学开发的智能手机软件、问卷调查获取316名西安市民一周实时出行、相应心理状态、社会经济属性和身体健康数据，及其居住地和工作地建成环境、交通设施数据，经数据清洗，共有289名样本共计2380条有效数据用于本次研究，研究组通过构建一个以通勤模式作为中间变量的理论框架，采用回归分析、路径分析等方法，研究了城市交通设施条件、建成环境对居民身心健康（以BMI、开心等指标衡量）的直接、间接和总效应。研究首次提出通勤幸福感的内涵有广义和狭义之分。模型结果表明：居住地人口密度与公交车显著正相关，居住/工作地附近公交条数与电动车显著负相关，周边有大专院校与步行、电动车和通勤班车显著正相关，有公园与小汽车乘客、公交车显著正相关；采用公交、电动车、地铁通勤有助于降低人们的BMI，采用通勤班车通勤则会升高人们的BMI；采用活动性通勤模式（自行车、步行）通勤的人群，开心度较高；采用自行车通勤的人群，意义感较高；而采用地铁通勤的人群，开心度、意义感均较低；有伴侣陪伴的通勤可以显著降低人们在通勤途中的痛苦感；通勤目的为回家时的人们的开心度、疲劳度较高；部分建成环境要素、交通设施条件对通勤模式、BMI和开心有显著的直接影响，且通过小汽车驾驶员、自行车、电动车和通勤班车对BMI产生显著的间接影响，通过小汽车驾驶员、公交车、自行车、地铁对开心产生显著的间接影响。其中，居住地人口密度/距市中心的距离、工作地用地混合度与BMI显著负相关，居住地用地混合度、附近有超市、地铁站与开心显著正相关。并据此提出了相应的规划设计和政策建议。