合作社的“准公共品属性”与政策支持的边界：理论与基于追踪调查的实证

While the number of Cooperatives is advancing by leaps and bounds, the quality of development has also been questioned. The academic controversies mainly focus on the role of policy support and the border of the policy support and the development prospect of Cooperatives in China. This thesis will focus on the theoretical and empirical research on the "quasi public goods attribute" and the policy supportive border of the Cooperatives. First, based on tracking survey data, combined with econometric analysis and case study, the achievement of "quasi public goods attribute" as cooperatives’ benefit poverty, technology promotion, food safety are defined. After systematic analysis, the internal mechanism of achieving a "quasi public goods" Cooperatives and the suitable conditions for development are found. Through the international comparison, the cause of the present situation of the development of China's Cooperatives is revealed. Finally, we will analyze Cooperative development prospects in China and put forward the plan to improve the support system of the Cooperative policy in our country. This thesis has important academic value in terms of the researches on the causes of the development of the Cooperatives in China, the suitable conditions for the development of Cooperatives, and the realization of the "quasi public goods attribute" mechanism. Meanwhile, the research on the prospect of the development of Cooperatives and improving the policy support system also has important policy value. Taking Cooperatives "quasi public goods attribute" as the breakthrough point, the perspective is unique. Based on the unified theoretical analysis framework, combined with the application of econometric analysis and case analysis methods to carry out research, the method is scientific. This research has the potential to achieve valuable research results.

我国合作社近年来数量突飞猛进，但发展质量却也饱受质疑。政策支持的作用与边界及合作社在我国的发展前景是学界争议的焦点。本课题将围绕合作社的“准公共品属性”与政策支持边界开展系统的理论与实证研究。先基于跟踪调查数据，结合计量和多案例分析，明确合作社益贫性、技术推广、食品安全等“准公共品属性”的实现情况，然后系统剖析能实现“准公共品属性”合作社的内部机制要求和发展适宜条件，再通过国际比较深入揭示现阶段我国合作社发展境况成因，并研判合作社在我国发展前景，最后研究合作社政策支持体系的完善方案。课题针对我国合作社发展境况成因、合作社发展适宜条件，其实现“准公共品属性”的机制要求等研究具有重要学术价值，围绕合作社发展前景和完善政策支持体系的研究具有重要政策价值。研究从合作社的“准公共品属性”切入，视角独到，基于统一的理论分析框架，结合应用计量和案例分析开展研究，方法科学，有潜力取得有重要价值的研究成果。

我国合作社近年来数量突飞猛进，但发展质量却饱受质疑。政策支持的作用与边界是学界争议的焦点。本课题围绕合作社的“准公共品属性”与政策支持边界开展系统的理论与实证研究。相关成果已有五篇发表在CSSCI期刊上，一篇进入CSSCI期刊终审，一篇进入CSSCI期刊外审，还有三篇文章尚在修改完善中。得到以下主要结果：①合作社的本质规定是“所有者与惠顾者同一”，现实中 “合作社”的合作社元素大多较弱甚至缺失。②我国现实中的合作社普遍不符合《合作社法》的规定，但无需修改《合作社法》的规定来迎合现实。③合作社并不必然益贫，要实现益贫性，合作社除了要按照“所有者与惠顾者同一”的治理结构进行治理，同时还要开放成员资格，以确保合作社不排斥小农。④合作社特殊的治理结构有利于其提供和推广农业技术服务，然而由于合作社运行成本高昂，在没有其他需求以催生合作社时，农户很难单单因为技术需求而成立合作社。⑤合作社特殊的治理结构有利于其提升食品安全水平，然而由于食品市场优质优价的市场环境的缺失，合作社的这一优势难以发挥，这也是现实中的合作社大多没有采用“所有者与惠顾者同一”的治理结构的根本原因之一。⑥现实中进行统一销售的合作社比例极低，原因在于：政策激励不恰当；农户经营规模普遍较小、实力有限；农产品质量监管体系不完善。⑦现实中合作社极少开展生产性集体投资，原因在于当前农户生产经营规模普遍偏小、农户间异质性强。⑧现阶段支持农民合作社的政策资源存在分配不公问题。⑨合作社降低交易成本的根本原因不在于合作社减少了交易环节，而在于合作社与社员之间特殊的交易方式。⑩现实中合作社普遍服务功能薄弱，且治理不规范。