国家公园旅游生态补偿标准的测度模型及机制研究

National Park is the strategic demand of ecological civilization construction in China, policy making of tourism eco-compensation is an important component of the National Park System, and the measurement of tourism eco-compensation standard is the key issue to the construction of tourism eco-compensation mechanism. According to some weaknesses of eco-compensation studies at home and abroad, such as lack of biased perspective, defects of measurement methods and negligence of scale effect, from the point of tradeoffs and synergies of complex National Park eco-system, upholding the idea of "cost sharing, benefit sharing", admitting the fact that the National Park ecological protection and tourism development have positive and negative externalities, the project will construct eco-compensation standard system and intend to analyze “why to compensate, how much to compensate, who(where) to be compensated, what to be compensated, who(where) to compensate, how to compensate”, which takes two types of National Park, mountain and wetland, as empirical comparative study examples, by integrated using the related theories and methods, such as contingent valuation method, travel cost method, shapley value method, emergy analysis and so on,. Accordingly, this study will put forward the National Park eco-compensation mechanism, to promote the coordination and sustainable development of National Park protection and tourism utilization, which has theoretical and practical significance.

创建国家公园是我国生态文明建设的战略需求，制定旅游生态补偿政策是创建国家公园体制的重要内容，而测度旅游生态补偿标准则是构建旅游生态补偿机制的关键问题。针对目前国内外有关国家公园旅游生态补偿标准研究在研究视角偏颇、研究方法缺憾、忽视尺度效应等方面的薄弱环节，本项目拟从国家公园人地关系复杂的生态经济系统权衡与协同角度，秉持“成本共担，利益共享”的旅游生态补偿理念，立足国家公园生态保护与旅游发展正、负外部性的事实，构建国家公园旅游生态补偿标准的类型体系及其相应的测度模型体系。以山岳、湿地两种类型的国家公园为案例地，综合运用条件价值法、旅行成本法、Shapley值法、能值分析法等多种手段，系统研究旅游生态补偿的“为何补、补多少、补给谁、补什么、谁来补、怎么补”等“6补”问题，据此提出国家公园旅游生态补偿机制，促进国家公园保护与旅游利用的协调、可持续发展，具有理论与实践意义。

制定科学、合理的生态补偿政策是创建国家公园体制的重要内容。本项目根据研究计划，针对目前国内外有关国家公园生态补偿研究在理念偏颇、生态系统服务分析不足、补偿标准测度方法缺陷、比较忽视不同群体的补偿意愿等方面的薄弱环节，从国家公园复杂“人地关系”的视角，提出“成本共担，利益共享”的生态补偿理念，突破原有的“谁损害谁补偿”，忽视“绿水青山就是金山银山”生态效益需共享的思维局限，从成本、收益两个层面，构建基于“生态系统服务价值共享”以及“生态系统服务供给成本共担”两种生态补偿标准的测度模型；探讨国家公园的游客行为、环境情景、居民生计、社会距离等因素对生态补偿机制的影响，为促进国家公园保护与旅游利用的协调、可持续发展提供决策理论依据和实践指导。项目研究期间，在Tourism Management、Journal of Travel Research、Environmental Science and Policy、Science of the Total Environment、地理学报、地理研究、地理科学等国内外期刊发表论文34篇，其中SSCI/SCI论文16篇，国内核心期刊CSSCI/CSCD论文16篇。