基于低技术模式的西北地区低碳乡镇规划设计方法

The amount of villages and small towns in the northwest area has a huge number , the extensive disorderly construction leads to the increase of carbon emissions gradually. At present, the low-carbon path of the Eastern regiosn and cities does not apply to the northwest villages and small towns with backward economic development and low level of human resources quality . And the regional characteristics determine the low-carbon path of low technology and low investment. This subject aiming at the main influencing factors of the villages and small towns carbon emissions in northwest area, combining with the local environment and construction characteristics, integrating the existing low technology mode, such as the selection of construction process based on the characteristics of human resources ,the space of traditional intelligence applications under the climatic characteristics, and the local materials using and construction waste resource utilization based on local wisdom , and individual coupling the villages and small towns, to determine its suitability and low-carbon path. Planning and design is determined the direction and level of urban and rural development policy and technical support .The current planning and design methods are not targeted for the implementation of low-carbon path of rural low-carbon construction. The subject puts forward the specific technical indexes and the planning and design standards from the aspects of industrial development, spatial layout, construction control and implementation design, optimizes the planning and design methods at different levels, improves the measures of control and guidance of low - carbon construction in villages and small towns, and ensures that low-tech model can be effectively implemented in the construction of low-carbon villages and small towns .

西北地区乡镇量大面广，粗放无序的建设导致碳排放量逐步增加，而当前东部地区及城市采用的低碳路径不适用于经济发展落后、人力资源素质水平较低的西北乡镇——地域特征决定其应选择低技术、低投入的低碳路径。本课题针对西北地区乡镇碳排放的主要影响因素，结合当地环境及建设特征整合运用现有低技术措施，如基于人力资源特征的建造工艺选择、气候特征下空间布局传统智慧应用、基于乡土智慧的地方材料运用及建筑废料资源化利用等，耦合个体乡镇进行适宜性匹配，确定其低碳路径。规划设计是决定城乡发展方向与建设水平的政策及技术保障，当前规划设计方法对乡镇低碳建设的低技术路径实施不具有针对性，课题通过低技术模式对乡镇发展及建设的影响研究，从产业发展、空间布局、建设控制、实施设计等方面提出针对性的技术指标与规划设计标准，优化不同层面的规划设计方法，完善乡镇低碳建设的控制与引导措施，确保低技术模式在乡镇低碳建设中得以有效实施。

由于生态环境脆弱、气候条件恶劣、经济发展水平落后、人力资源素质水平较低，西北地区低碳乡镇建设面临着比其他地区更大的经济、技术、环境挑战。本课题着眼于城乡规划学科，依据西北的自然环境、社会经济、文化传统、营造模式等特质，总结西北地区乡镇碳排放的主要影响因素，提取西北乡镇碳排放特征；在既有研究基础上，选择并整合现有符合西北地区乡镇特征的适宜性低技术措施，耦合个体乡镇进行技术适宜性匹配；结合城乡规划编制体系，提出针对西北乡镇的规划管控策略，构建基于低技术目标导向下的西北低碳乡镇规划设计方法。研究表明：（1）西部典型地区幅员辽阔，自然资源丰富，地域文化浓厚，但生态环境脆弱、整体社会经济发展滞后、市民低碳意识薄弱、城市管理水平滞后、城市建设品质较低。将其地域特征与碳排放进行关联分析，得出供热能耗、建筑能耗、产业能耗、交通能耗是影响西北乡镇碳排放主要因素。（2）基于科学性评价低技术措施对乡镇建设发展影响，总结提取出耦合西北乡镇特征的适宜性低技术措施，具体包括基于乡土特征的建造方式、基于地域气候特征的空间布局方式以及基于不改变性状的建设废料利用方式。（3）将西北小城镇低碳生态发展目标与城乡规划编制体系相结合，建立“目标—要素—方法”导向的小城镇规划体系，并从区域规划、总体规划、控制性详细规划、修建性详细规划及城市设计层面制定管控策略。（4）针对西北乡村发展现实问题，基于“低技术、低投入、高科学”原则，从产业发展、建设用地利用、农宅建设以及道路交通、雨污水治理、能源利用等方面提出针对性的规划策略。通过研究，优化和完善现有的小城镇与村庄的规划设计方法，提出适宜西北乡镇的低碳生态规划设计管控策略，可为西北乡村地区小城镇及乡村的低碳建设提供一定启示。