基于住户空调行为的住宅建筑绝热特性与节能评价方法研究

In China, reduction of energy consumption in residential buildings is very meaningful as the total residential building area is huge. Improving the thermal performance of building insulation is an important way to reduce energy consumption in residential buildings. Human behavior on air conditioning usage in domestic buildings has the characteristics of short-term intermittency, spatial locality, strong randomicity and great differences between different households, etc. These complex characters will lead to dramatic changes within the thermal performance and the energy saving effect of building envelope insulation，so the air conditioning behaviors have great influence on the thermal performance of residential building insulation. However, this issue has not yet been exhaustively researched, so the influence mechanism and the characteristics are still unclear, and there’s also lack of scientific energy saving assessment methods. Without consideration of human behavior factor, current thermal performance assessment methods for residential building insulation might lead to a large error on evaluation results. This project aims to reveal the influence mechanism and law of household air conditioning behaviors on the thermal insulation performance of building envelope and the energy saving effect based on the characteristics of human behavior on air conditioning usage in Chinese residential buildings, by using the methods of survey, measurement and simulation analysis. The new energy saving assessment method will also be established in this project for residential building envelope insulation. This project is an important，urgent, discipline crossed and fundamental issue to be solved in the field of building energy saving technology, which will largely improve the current evaluation method of building energy saving, and promote the healthy development of building energy saving technology. The results will show broad applications prospect involved in design，retrofit，assessment and establishment of correlative standards and policies for the energy saving of residential buildings.

我国住宅建筑面积巨大，住宅节能意义重大，改善建筑绝热性能是住宅节能的一个重要途径。我国住宅空调行为具有短期间歇性、局部性、差异性和随机性等特点,在这种复杂空调行为作用下，建筑绝热性能和节能效果变化很大，因此住户空调行为对住宅建筑绝热性能有较大影响。以往未对该问题做深入研究，其影响机理和特性尚不清楚，更缺乏科学的节能评价方法。现有的住宅建筑热工节能评价方法未考虑住户空调行为的影响，其评价结果可能存在较大误差。本项目根据我国住宅空调行为特点，采用调查测试和模拟分析的方法，研究揭示住户复杂空调行为对建筑绝热性能影响的机理和规律特点，建立新的节能计算评价方法。本项目是住宅建筑节能技术领域一个亟待研究解决的基础性、学科交叉性的重要课题。它将弥补现有住宅建筑热工节能评价方法的不足，促进住宅建筑节能技术的健康发展。其研究成果在住宅建筑节能的设计、改造、评估、相关标准和政策的制定等方面均有广阔应用前景。

本项目采用实证调查方法，进行了住宅空调行为调查方法研究，在北京、武汉和福州开展了为期五年的住宅空调能耗和行为的大规模调查，对住宅中人员在室率、开窗行为、间歇空调时室内温湿度、竖向温湿度分布、围护结构温度和传热量等进行测试调查分析，进行了住宅空调行为的评价指标体系和定量描述方法、间歇空调建筑绝热特性和节能评价方法的研究，主要研究成果和结论如下：.1）获得了我国主要气候区、长周期、多样本、数据链比较完整的住宅空调行为和能耗、以及人员在室率、开窗行为等大量实测数据和实证调查结果。.2）获得我国主要气候区住宅空调满负荷工作时间的定量数据，建立了住户空调器满负荷工作时间分布规律的定量描述计算方法。.3）建立了我国住宅空调行为评价指标体系，使住宅空调行为和节能评价更为科学全面。.4）搞清楚了住户短期间歇空调行为下的住宅建筑绝热特性，发现了间歇空调方式会使住宅建筑绝热特性发生重大改变，在我国住宅短期间歇空调行为下大幅度提高住宅绝热性能会使住宅空调能耗显著增加的“反常”现象。.5）对南方地区住户开窗行为的详细调查结果表明：以往认为“我国南方地区住户冬季也喜欢开窗通风”的传统观点并不正确，南方地区冬季住宅开窗率很低。.6）提出了我国住宅建筑热工节能设计的基本原则，为我国住宅建筑热工设计和节能评估工作提供了科学指导。.本项目的研究成果对住宅热工节能设计工作具有重要意义，在住宅建筑节能的设计、改造、评估、相关标准和政策的制定等方面均有广阔应用前景，将促进住宅建筑节能技术的健康发展，对间歇空调建筑的相关研究也有参考价值。