适应老年人身体活动需求的城市建成环境优化:基于跨尺度效应的规划调控

The elders’ health, activities and quality of life is one of key issues of sustainable development in aging sociaty. Compared with acceptting special medical cares passively, taking daily physical activitis can improve elders’ quality of life effectively. There is lack of high quality supportive system of built environment for the elders’ activities under the spatial development pattern of fragmentation and mobilization during China’s rapid urbanizing process. The project aims to exploring how to optimize built environment for addapting to elders’ physical activities. The preliminary study has demonstrated effects of built environment on elders’ physical activities are cross-scalar complexity, not just being reflected in residental environment, but also involving expansive outside environment. The project makes further efforts to take integrated analysing framework as theoretical fundation, to use O/D/R/A concept model of built environment and activity diary, questionare and pedometer for data collection, and to utilize comparative case study strategy and multi-level regresstion method for data analysis. The project is planning to illuminate the key factors and cross-scalar effects of built environment on elders’ physical activities firstly, to find optional policy instruments secondly, and to propose effective planning methods for ensuring elders’ right of taking physical activities freely. The project will contribute to theory of healthy justice cities, and provide new planning insights in aging society.

在人口老龄化压力下，老年人的健康、活动和生活质量渐受关注，成为可持续发展的关键议题；从事适量的身体活动，有助于老年人保持积极、健康的生活状态；在快速城市化进程中，机动化和碎片化的空间发展模式，使老年人身体活动缺乏高质量的建成环境支持系统。本项目旨在研究适应老年人身体活动需求的建成环境优化方法。前期研究显示，建成环境对老年人身体活动的影响，不仅体现在住区内部，还涉及住区外更大范围；这种跨尺度效应有待进一步探讨。为此，本项目从不同空间尺度上所承载的建成环境因素分析入手，并兼顾个体、人际、社区等层面影响，借助建成环境O/D/R/A概念模型，通过嵌套式案例比较和多阶层回归分析，阐明对老年人身体活动起关键作用的建成环境核心因素及跨尺度效应，从中提炼规划调控政策变量，提出适应老年人身体活动需求的建成环境优化方法。该研究将为推进健康公平的城市发展模式提供理论基础，为应对我国人口老龄化挑战提供规划新思路。

在我国相对高密度的人居环境中和较为多元化的出行方式下，对老年人身体活动产生关键性影响的建成环境因素究竟有哪些，至今仍难以形成清晰的认识，更缺乏建成环境优化方法的系统性探讨。本项目以城市建成环境与老年人身体活动的内在关系为切入点，以适应老年人身体活动需求的城市建成环境优化为研究对象，旨在阐明建成环境支持系统在老年人身体活动中的跨尺度效应，进而提出保障老年人身体活动权利的规划调控方法。本项目的研究成果与学术贡献在于：一是在理论层面，从健康风险、环境影响和居民行为维度入手，剖析环境健康复杂性给空间规划带来的根本挑战，提出包含理论基础模型构建、区域健康风险辨识和规划方案绩效评估等3个基本模块的规划分析框架。二是在实证层面，识别出对老年人身体活动有明显促进或制约作用的建成环境要素；邻里之中设施网点的个体特征、街道网络拓扑形式、土地利用的地块尺度、公共空间的界面活力等因素共同影响老年人身体活动。三是在政策层面，从不同地方城镇的健康风险暴露水平、环境友好性以及老龄化水平等实际情况出发，提出基于健康保障、健康促进以及健康公平等目标取向的多种规划行动方案；基于主动健康的新理念，提出基于活动的可行能力提升为目标导向的空间规划新途径。该项目成果有助于深化对老年人健康生活质量与可持续城市形态的理论认识，有助于探索推进健康公平的空间政策新工具和规划调控新思路，具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。